Dissertations / Theses: 'Ancient port' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

In this study I explore the social archaeology of a Maya coastal port community through household archaeology at the site of Isla Cerritos, a small center for maritime trade on the north coast of Yucatán, Mexico from c.300 BCE to 1250 CE. Known as the principal port for the regional polity of Chichén Itzá during the Terminal Classic Period (800-1100 CE), the island is located at the crossroads of a rich marine resource zone, a major salt production area, and the confluence of sea and overland trade routes that served greater Mesoamerica. While the economic importance of trading enclaves such as Isla Cerritos is often recognized, the domestic contexts of these kinds of settlements remain understudied, so we know less about who actually lived in these communities, how they were organized socially, and how the maritime branch of Maya culture related to and contributed to Mesoamerican civilization. This goal of this thesis is to combine the recent archaeological excavation of three residential structures and a shared patio space at Isla Cerritos with multiple lines of evidence from both macro-level and micro-level scales of analysis to examine the material expressions of collective identity and social organization at the port during a particularly dynamic historical period in the history of the region from the late 9th through 11th centuries CE (Late to Terminal Classic transition). The results of this analysis provide new insights into the occupational history of the site, the domestic settlement pattern and activities of the port community, labor and resource investment in port construction and maintenance, the sociocultural and political relationship between the coast and the regional center of Chichén Itzá, and the complexity of collective identity and social inequalities even among the Maya “non-elite.” Through this study I also argue that port residents took advantage of the liminality and fluid movement of life along the “edge” of the Maya world for increased social mobility in ways inaccessible to people in inland regions. This motivated coastal communities to actively forge and alter social and political alliances and networks with interior centers, like Chichén Itzá, over the course of the Classic period, obviating the need for urban polities to rapidly colonize the coast.
Anthropology

Abstract:

This thesis analyses a range of lead objects discovered in Thonis-Heracleion, an Egyptian port city, and offers a new perspective on the use of metals in antiquity. It advances two central arguments: firstly, that the large quantity of lead artefacts in Thonis-Heracleion is not exceptional but rather a more accurate reflection of the metallisation of ancient societies and secondly, that the corpus of lead objects sheds light on aspects of ancient communities that normally remain invisible due to the ease of recycling and low cost of lead. The first chapter reviews the presence of lead in the archaeological record in Egypt, the factors affecting its deposition and preservation, and the corpus as a whole from Thonis-Heracleion. A comparison between the two puts the lead from the site in a new Egyptian perspective. The second, third, and fourth chapters offer substantial analyses of lead ingots, weights, and containers found at Thonis-Heracleion with parallels from around the Mediterranean. The chapters show the potential of this corpus to shed light on activities in the Egyptian town despite the notable lack of direct parallels. It becomes clear for example that large lead objects appear earlier in the archaeological record and that the range of objects is wider than previously suspected. The analysis in these chapters offers a robust dating framework for lead objects previously unavailable. Together the lead artefacts illustrate local mercantile activities, the economic role of the port city, and, through the identification of the first Athenian weights found in Egypt, trade connections between Egypt, Athens, and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean. The result is an overview of lead in Egypt and its place in Thonis- Heracleion, demonstrating the significance of metals for understanding ancient societies.

Abstract:

This thesis focuses on the economies of Roman ports and their role in the facilitation and organization of maritime trade, combining both terrestrial and maritime archaeological evidence as well as literary and epigraphic material. The first half of the thesis examines Mediterranean ports from a panoptic level in order to address questions of systems of trade, connectivity and economic development. In doing so, I focus on three particular areas of material culture: ceramics, shipwreck cargoes (typically composed of amphorae, metal ingots or stone) and epigraphy. The second half of the thesis focuses on two case studies, southern Turkey and southern France. For each region, I explore the economic factors which led to the development of each region and the ways in which ports enabled this development. I consider the impact of landscape, the usage of natural resources and the extent of production for both local consumption and export. Importantly, I examine the regional connections of the two regions and their interactions within the wider Mediterranean. I develop a model for the development of ports along each coastline and their degree of integration into the trading network of the Roman Mediterranean. Building on this, it becomes possible to assess the extent and scale of extra-regional interaction and market integration. From the evidence presented in this thesis, I argue that ports were at the core of the Roman market economy and that the development of a port network allowed for the integration and interdependence of Mediterranean markets. This allowed for regional economic growth through the specialization in the production of goods for which a region had a comparative advantage.

Abstract:

This Thesis focuses on the history and development of the topography, layout, and facilities of the ancient port of Seville, which is located in the lower Guadalquivir River Basin. From a maritime archaeology perspective, it combines terrestrial and maritime archaeological evidence, literary and epigraphic material, as well as palaeo-geomorphological and palaeo-environmental studies. This Thesis is a longue durée or diachronic study ranging between the 1^st century BC and the 13^th century AD. The Thesis is divided into three main historical periods, and in addition to the port itself, studies the palaeo-geomorphology and palaeo-hydrology of the Guadalquivir River, as well as of the palaeo-climatology of the region during each of these eras. The first third of the Thesis examines the port of Hispalis during the Roman era. By considering the natural hydrography of the river and the meander of Hispalis, the Thesis proposes a model for the distribution of harbour facilities and their development through the Roman period. Building on this, it becomes possible to assess the extent and scale of these, as well as of the maritime commerce that the Roman port sustained. The second third of the Thesis focuses on the Late Antique period. Despite the lack of direct archaeological evidence for the port in this era, the Thesis suggests that there was a decline but continuity in the commercial activities in direct connection with the Mediterranean maritime networks. This section also examines the historical events that occurred in Hispalis from the maritime archaeology perspective, arguing that the port was at the core of all these historical episodes because of its geopolitical and strategic importance. The last third of the Thesis concentrates on the study of the port during the Islamic period. By understanding the extreme changes that occurred in the hydrography and geomorphology of the river in this epoch, the Thesis deciphers the process that led to the progressive siltation of the ancient channel of the river. The study of the archaeological material from the 1981 Plaza Nueva excavation, in combination with other proxies, allows a chronology to be proposed for the demise and subsequent disappearance of the ancient port. The transformation of the meander of the river resulted in the relocation and construction of a new port, which had a prominent role in the maritime history of the world during the centuries that followed.

Abstract:

The port site of Berenike Troglodytica - located on the Egyptian Red Sea coast - served the spice and incense routes that linked the Mediterranean World (specifically the Roman Empire) to India, Southern Arabia and East Africa. In the Greco-Roman period the site was at the cutting edge of what was then the embryonic global economy, ideally situated as a key node connecting Indian Ocean and Mediterranean trade for almost 800 years. It is now located in an arid, marginal, hostile environment but the situation must have been very different 2300 years ago, at the time of its founding. At the time of elephant-hunting trips during the Hellenistic period before the inception of its important role in the global markets of the day in the Roman period Berenike would have to have looked much different to what we can now imagine. What was it like then, when the first prospectors visited this location at the time of Ptolemy II? Why this particular place, and this particular landscape setting seemed such a propitious location for the siting of an important new harbour? Given the importance of the port over almost a millennium it is perhaps surprising that very little is known about the different factors impacting on the foundation, evolution, heyday and subsequent decline of the city; or the size, shape, and capacity of its harbour. The intention of this research is to address this shortfall in our knowledge, to examine the drivers behind the rise and fall of this port city, and to explore the extent to which the dynamics of the physical landscape were integral to this story. Using an innovative Earth Science approach, changes in the archaeological 'coastscape' have been reconstructed and correlated with periods of occupation and abandonment of the port, shedding light on the nature, degree and directionality of human-environment interactions at the site. This work has revealed profound changes in the configuration of the coastal landscape and environment (including the sea level) during the lifespan of Berenike, highlighting the ability of people to exploit changes in their immediate environment, and demonstrating that, ultimately, the decline of the port was partly due to these landscape dynamics. To further explore these themes the landscape reconstructions have been supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of a suite of variables likely to influence the initial siting of new ports of trade. These have shown that although the site of Berenike was ideal in terms of its coastal landscape potential, possessing a natural sheltered bay and lagoon system, the choice of location was not solely influenced by its environmental conditions. Additionally, a detailed review of vessels that plied Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes is presented here in order to better understand the design and functioning of Berenike's harbour. This serves the purpose of identifying unifying features that provide more detail about the size and draught of vessels and the potential capacity of the harbour basin. By using this multi-scalar approach it has been possible to reconstruct the 'coastscape' of the site through the key periods of its occupancy and those phases immediately before and after its operation. This has wide-ranging implications for researchers studying ancient ports along this trade network as a larger database will tease out more details about how influential the landscape was in the initial siting of the port and its subsequent use and decline.

Abstract:

Il y a 7000 ans BP, la stabilisation du niveau marin a entraîné la formation de deltas. Ces zones deltaïques abritent des milieux aux degrés de protection différents favorables à une activité maritime. Cependant, ces espaces sont soumis à des contraintes naturelles : à l'échelle de la longue durée, l'alluvionnement des deltas entraîne la mobilité des littoraux et le colmatage des milieux portuaires ; à l'échelle de l'événement, les tempêtes, les tsunamis et la mobilité crustale entraînent la destruction, la submersion ou le soulèvement des zones portuaires. Ce travail porte sur l'étude des contraintes et des potentialités environnementales de cinq ports antiques répartis dans le monde Méditerranéen en marge de deltas. L'objectif est d'estimer le poids de ces contraintes sur les sociétés via une approche statistique. Pour quatre des sites d'études, l'alluvionnement est le forçage majeur. A Kition et Orgame, l'impact de l'alluvionnement est indirect. La fermeture des baies marines par l'édification de cordons littoraux crée des environnements lagunaires propices à l'installation de zones portuaires. En revanche, Fréjus et Ampurias sont soumis à un alluvionnement direct qui a rapidement colmaté les bassins. A partir de l'époque romaine et avec l'invention de la pouzzolane, des zones portuaires sont installées en milieu littoral ouvert, comme à Istanbul. Dans un contexte tectoniquement actif, les tsunamis constituent la contrainte majeure opérant sur le port byzantin de Théodose à Istanbul. Un dépôt grossier et chaotique, contenant du matériel marin et archéologique remanié, compose une partie de la séquence stratigraphique de colmatage du bassin et témoigne de ce forçage
The stabilization of sea level at 7000 years ago led to the formation of deltaic areas. These areas constituted sheltered environments particularly conducive to maritime activity. However, these areas were also subject to natural constraints for human occupation: at long timescales, high sediment supply to deltaic areas led to significative coastal changes and the infilling of harbour areas; at shorter timescales, high-energy events and crustal mobility led to the destruction, submersion and/or uplift of harbour areas. This work focuses on the study of environmental constraints and potentialities governing five ancient harbours, located on deltaic margins in the Mediterranean. The study aims to semi-qualitatively measure of the weight of these constraints on harbour cities, using statistical approach. High sediment supply is the major natural forcing. At Orgame and Kition, the closure of marine bays by coastal barriers led to the formation of lagoon environments conducive to the installation of harbour areas. Frejus and Ampurias were subject to direct siltation which quickly infilled the harbour basin. The invention of the pozzolan in Roman times means that harbours could be constructed in coastal areas open to the sea and away from river mouths, such as Istanbul harbour. In a tectonically active context, tsunamis are the major constraint acting in the Byzantine harbour of Theodosius in Istanbul. There, the stratigraphic sequence contains a coarse and chaotic deposit composed of reworked marine and archaeological material which demonstrates the societal impacts of such a natural and destructive forcing agent

Abstract:

This thesis presents a first archaeological introduction to the study of Byzantine ports, harbours and other coastal installations in the region of Thessaly. Thessaly not only constitutes an ideal region to gain equal information for the Early- to the Late Byzantine periods, but also to compare independent regional and imperial central building activities. However, in particular Thessaly’s maritime connectivity has never been studied in detail before. As such, a first step into a terra incognita, the thesis is divided into two main sections: In order to conceptualize the study of harbour sites, the thesis first sets up a framework for the definition, understanding and interpretation of the physical features of harbours and their function and purpose. Taking into account influencing environmental conditions, such as natural, economic, social and political components, this helps to determine an accurate hierarchical model and to illustrate the interrelationship between different types and forms of harbour sites. Subsequently, comprehensive archaeological investigations around the island of Skiathos and other harbour sites in Thessaly, executed in 2012 and 2013, are set against this theoretical groundwork. In contrast to the common approach of regional studies, where a first general overview is followed by individual detailed case-studies, the opposite methodology is undertaken in order to achieve a systematic study of the Thessalian harbours and the complexity of their network system. Consequently, the collection of data starts from the analysis of a distinct area of a region and continues with the broader regional picture of primary ports, secondary harbours and staple markets. Functioning as an important junction of the Aegean shipping lanes and being involved in regional as well as supra-regional trade and port networks, focus is therefore primarily dedicated to the island of Skiathos. A joint survey project in cooperation with the Greek Ephorate for Underwater Antiquities (EEA), the 13th Greek Ephorate for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the 7th Greek Ephorate for Byzantine Antiquities was initiated by the author in 2012. A number of sites, including harbour installations and other coastal infrastructures, have been detected, documented and subsequently verified by geophysical prospections, using a Sub-bottom profiler and Side-Scan Sonar, in 2013. These have allowed to draw a clear historical picture of architectural developments, port networks and changes in the socio-economic connectivity of the area. Followed by a close investigation of further harbour sites throughout the entire region of Thessaly during two field seasons between 2012 and 2013, the detailed picture gained from the Skiathos survey project is brought to a wider context. This comparison finally allows an overall picture of the history and architectural developments of harbour structures and associated coastal sites, as well as general conclusions concerning the hierarchy and port network in the region during the Early to Late Byzantine periods. This has allowed a comprehensive understanding of the growth, use and decline of various ports, harbours and staple markets within Thessaly and has important repercussions for our understanding of wider social and economic changes that were occurring during these periods, such as the rise of the church as a powerful economic institution or the increasing activities of private entrepreneurs. In this way the submerged maritime heritage of Thessaly has provided a rich new resource with which to understand the cultural dynamics of the region as it emerged from its peripheral location to comprising major ports within the Roman maritime network and to stand out of the heart of the commercial route ways to and from Constantinople, as well as being part of the emergent networks of the western maritime states at the end of the period, such as Venice.

Abstract:

La ville d'Utique est considérée comme l'un des trois premiers comptoirs phéniciens de Méditerranée occidentale. Selon la tradition littéraire, elle aurait été fondée en 1101 av J.-C., par des phéniciens venus de Tyr au Liban.Néanmoins, dans l'état actuel des recherches, aucun vestige archéologique ne remonte au delà du 9e siècle av. J.-C. Aux périodes phéniciennes et romaines, Utique était une importante ville marchande faisant face à la mer. Au cours des siècles, la ville a perdu son accès à la mer et son port s'est envasé. Malgré plus d'un siècle d'investigation par les archéologues et chercheurs associés, l'emplacement des structures portuaires de la ville aux périodes phénicienne et romaine reste inconnu, enfoui sous plusieurs mètres de sédiments.Partant de cette problématique archéologique, notre recherche s'est concentrée sur trois axes principaux : paléogéographique, géoarchéologique et palynologique. Basés sur l'étude pluridisciplinaire de carottages sédimentaires, les résultats ont montré que les fortes crues de l'Oued Medjerda, qui coulait au sud de la ville à l'époque romaine, ont été un facteur majeur du déclin d'Utique et de l'ensablement de son port. En effet, au moment de sa fondation, la ville était située sur un promontoire baigné par la mer, mais les sédiments transportés par la Medjerda ont progressivement scéllé la baie, laissant la pointe du promontoire d'Utique à 10 km à l'intérieur des terres. Une crise hydrologique majeure a été mise en évidence vers le 4e siècle ap J.-C. Celle-ci est corrélée à une augmentation des taux de sédimentation dans le bassin versant, ce qui semble correspondre à une dégradation climatique globale à la même époque. Les résultats mettent également en évidence, l'existence d'une longue façade maritime au nord du promontoire d'Utique aux époques phénicienne et romaine. Un environnement marin profond est attesté dans l'ancienne baie au 6e mill. av. J.-C. et la profondeur de la colonne d'eau le long de la façade nord était encore de 2 m autour des 4e _ 3e siècle av. J.C. La phase d'occupation phénicienne et romaine est caractérisée par une forte baisse des taxons forestiers, probablement due à des défrichements importants pour l'agriculture et le pastoralisme. L'olivier quant à lui est en augmentation, ainsi que les céréales. La crise érosive survenant à la fin de la période romaine s'accompagne d'une très forte augmentation de l'armoise, témoin d'une steppisation du paysage.Ce travail illustre la contribution de la géoarchéologie à une résolution d'une problématique archéologique majeure et à la compréhension des relations entre cette importante ville portuaire et son environnement
Utica is considered, according to ancient literary tradition, as one of the fist three Phoenician foundations of the Western Mediterranean, supposedly founded in 1101 BC by Levantines from Tyre. Neverthelesss, until now, no archaeological remains date back beyond the 9th century BC. In the Phoenician and Roman periods, Utica was an important merchant coastal town, facing the sea. Over the centuries, the city has lost its access to the sea and the port has silted up. Despite more than a century of investigation, by archaeologist and associated researchers, the location of the city's harbour, dating from the Phenician and Roman periods, remains unknown, burried under several meters of sediment.Starting from this archaeological problem, our research focused on three main axes : paleogeographic, geoarchaeological and palynological. Based on the multidisciplinary study of sedimentary cores, the results showed that the strong floods of the Medjerda wadi, wich flowed south of the city during Roman times, were a major factor in the decline of Utica and the silting of its port. Indeed, at the time of its foundation, the city was located on a promontary bathed by the sea, but the sediments transported by the Medjerda gradually sealed the bay, leaving the tip of the Utica promontary 10 km in land. A major hydrological crisis was highlighted around the 4 th century AD. This correlated with an increased in sedimentation rates in the watershed, wich seems to correspond to an overall climatic degradation. The results also highlight the existence of a long maritime facade north of Utica promontary during the Phoenician and Roman eras. A deep maritime environment is attested in the ancient bay at 6th mill. BC and the depth of the water column along the north facade was still 2 m around the 4th - 3th centuries BC. Finally, the palynological study showed the existence of traces of human activities as early as the 3th mill. BC. The Phoenician and Roman occupation is characterized by a sharp drop in forest taxa, probably due a significant clearings for agriculture and pastoralism. The olive tree is increasing, as well as cereals. The erosive crisis occuring at the end of the Roman period was accompanied by a sharp increase of "Artemisia", witnessing a steppisation of the landscape.This work illustrates the contribution of geoarchaelogy to the resolution of a major archeological problem and to the understanding of the relationships between this important port city and its enviroment

Abstract:

Cette étude offre une synthèse sur la ville de Bérytos à l'époque hellénistique tout en abordant les périodes de l'histoire perse et augustéenne de la ville. Elle s'appuie sur plusieurs corpus : la céramique en provenance de Bey-144, un corpus de monnaie du même site, une sélection de textes antiques et les inscriptions relatives aux Bérytiens. A cela s'ajoute une synthèse sur l'urbanisme de la ville réalisée à partir des rapports publiés de la grande fouille du centre-ville. Ces données ont permis d' analyser l'histoire de Bérytos, et de comprendre son rôle et sa place à une échelle régionale mais aussi internationale. L'étendue du corpus étudié nous a permis de saisir et d'analyser le rôle des Bérytiens dans les stratégies méditerranéennes, et les répercussions de leurs activités sur la cité-métropole.

Abstract:

This thesis explores how the reader is invited to read the books of Martial’s Epigrams, arguing that the epigrammatist has arranged the poems in his libelli in a specific order that rewards a sequential reading of the text from start to finish. Instead of viewing Martial as an anthologist who collated a series of occasional poems for their later publication, the thesis demonstrates that the poet showed awareness of his epigrams’ position within a larger ‘contexture’, and that he primes the reader throughout the Epigrams to envisage the books as thematically unified wholes. By viewing the Epigrams as a text to be read from beginning to end, rather than a text to be excerpted and anthologised, one can read each epigram in the wider context of its book, and better appreciate that book’s structural unity. Chapter one introduces the issues at stake in how one reads a book of epigrams, and provides the thesis’ methodological approach. Special attention is paid to the phenomenology of reading as a hermeneutic act, drawing together approaches to the Epigrams from classical scholarship as well as from reception and comic book theories to detail the method of ‘cumulative reading’ employed in the thesis. The second chapter then examines how Martial characterises the lector studiosus in his text, and how this depicted reader acts as a model for the actual reader to follow in their own sequential reading of the Epigrams. Chapter three focuses on Epigrams 7, demonstrating that the opening poems of the book establish the emperor Domitian as a thematic centrepiece around whom the rest of the book’s themes cluster. The fourth chapter also examines book 7, demonstrating how two different uses of watery motifs develop their individual thematic unity across the book, while also linking themselves back to the book’s opening imperial cycle to craft an overarching structural unity for the libellus. Chapter five then gives an overview of the larger structure of the Epigrams, arguing that the paratextual prose prefaces in books 1, 2, 8, 9, and 12 reinforce the individuality of the books they precede as well as establishing their own place within the wider corpus. Overall, this thesis puts the epigrammatic libellus back into the context of late first century AD book culture, emphasising that Martial paid attention not only to his epigrams’ position within their own books, but also their place within the wider corpus.

Abstract:

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Philosophischen Fakultät--Erlangen, Nürnberg--Friedrich-Alexander Universität, 1996.
La couv. porte en plus : "Forschungsstelle Asia Minor im Seminar für Alte Geschichte der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster" Contient la transcription des livres 9 à 16 de la chronique d'Héraclée de Memnon, avec la traduction allemande en regard. Bibliogr. p. 214-225.

Abstract:

The aim of this thesis is to apply Identity by Descent (IBD) methodology to identify ancestry connections among individuals from genetically similar populations. Recombination events diminish the likelihood to detect IBDs. As most of the aDNA samples date from 2,000 years ago or more, this methodology has rarely been applied to these studies. In this thesis we detect IBD among modern individuals from similar Bantu populations and among modern Europeans with an historical individual (700 years ago) from the Iberian peninsula, which was sequenced to a high coverage. Our results show that IBDs can be used to detect the genomic structure in genetically close populations. For example, they can be used to show high degrees of endogamy caused by isolation or to identify ancestral connections among individuals belonging to different populations that otherwise would be difficult to see with other more commonly used methods.

Abstract:

In this thesis we have addressed three different although related topics. First, we studied the post-mortem mutation damage rate of contaminated DNA sequences in ancient human remains focusing on the development of strategies to avoid pre-laboratory derived contaminations. We proposed a guideline to control them consisting in typing every single person involved on the manipulation of the remains, especially when they have not been excavated and washed under controlled conditions. Second, we successfully develop a non-invasive technique to sequence ancient remains but preserving it from the destruction. And third, we sequenced ancient human remains from different evolutionary times (from Paleolithic to post-Neolithic) to make inferences about the peopling of Western Europe focusing mainly in the Iberia peninsula. We found that there is a long term genetic continuity at least since the Neolithic. The only clear genetic discontinuity found is that involving two different human species, H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis.
En la presente tesis hemos tratado tres temas diferentes aunque muy relacionados. Primero, hemos estudiado la tasa de mutación post-mortem de secuencias de ADN contaminante en restos humanos antiguos centrándonos en el desarrollo de estrategias para evitar que las muestras se contaminen antes de llegar al laboratorio. Proponemos una guía que consiste en el tipado genético de cada persona implicada en la manipulación de los restos, especialmente cuando estos han sido excavados y lavados bajo condiciones no controladas. Segundo, hemos desarrollado una técnica no invasiva para secuenciar DNA de restos humanos antiguos pero sin destruirlos. Y por ultimo, hemos secuenciado restos humanos antiguos pertenecientes a diferentes periodos evolutivos (desde el Paleolitico hasta el post-Neolitico) que nos han permitido hacer inferencias sobre el poblamiento Europeo centrándonos básicamente en la Península Ibérica. Hemos encontrado que ha habido una continuidad genética desde el Neolítico. La única clara discontinuidad genética encontrada es entre dos especies distintas: H. Sapiens y H.neanderthalensis.

Abstract:

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the cosmological context of Pindar' s victory odes, and its importance fortheir encomiastic purpose. The introductory chapter deals with selected aspects of Pindaricscholarship in order to establish the usefulness of such an investigation. The first part of the studyfocuses on gnomai as a reflection of cosmological ideas. In Chapter 2 modem scholarship on theproverb and maxim, various ancient texts on gnomai and a number of references in Pindar areanalysed in support of the contention that gnomai provide a legitimate basis for an overview ofthe cosmology revealed in Pindars poetry. The overview presented in Chapter 3 discusses threebroad topics. The first concerns the elemental forces, fate, god and nature, the second deals withthe human condition and the third considers man in society from the perspectives of thehousehold and family relationships on the one hand and relationships outside the OtKOs on theother. The overview suggests that Pindar's work is founded on a mostly conventional outlook onman and his relationships with both extra-human powers and his fellow man. To complement theoverview three epinikia, Olympian 12, Isthmian 4 and Olympian 13 are analysed in Chapter 4.They demonstrate how the complexity of an actual situation compels the poet to emphasisedifferent aspects of the cosmology or even to suggest variations to accepted views. The analysesimply that presenting the cosmological context of a particular celebration in an appropriate wayis part of the poet's task. This aspect is further investigated in Chapter 5, which looks at the roleof the poet as mediator of cosmology. In some cases the poet demonstrates certain preferredattitudes which in tum presuppose particular cosmological convictions. In others this roleinvolves changing the perspective on the circ*mstances or attributes of a victor or his familythrough a modification of cosmological principles. Different approaches to the same theme indifferent poems show the author Pindar shaping the narrator-poet to represent varying viewpointsin order to praise a specific victor in the manner most suitable to his wishes and circ*mstances.The fact that the poet's task includes situating the victory in its cosmological context means thatthe glorification of a victor includes presenting him as praiseworthy in terms of broader lifeissues, such as the role of the divine in human achievement, a man's attitude to success and hisstatus in society. Pindar's use of cosmological themes in general speaks of pragmatism ratherthan conformity to and the consistent defense of a rigid framework of values. However, theprominence of cosmology in the odes and the sometimes very conspicuous role of the poet incommunicating it also reveal Pindar's abiding interest in man and his position in the world
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die kosmologiese konteks van Pindaros se oorwinningsodes, en diebelangrikheid daarvan vir die gedigte as prysliedere. Die inleidende hoofstuk behandelgeselekteerde aspekte van Pindaros-navorsing om die nut van so 'n ondersoek te bepaal. Dieeerste deel van die studie fokus op gnomai as 'n bron van kosmologiese idees. In hoofstuk 2word moderne navorsing oor spreekwoorde en wysheidspreuke, verskeie antieke tekste oorgnomai en 'n aantal verwysings in Pindaros se werk ontleed ter ondersteuning van die stand puntdat gnornai 'n redelike grondslag bied vir 'n oorsig van die kosmologie wat in Pindaros sedigkuns na vore kom. Die oorsig aangebied in hoofstuk 3 bespreek drie bree onderwerpe,eerstens die fundamentele magte, die noodlot, god en die natuur, tweedens die menslike toestanden derdens die mens in die samelewing uit die hoek van die huishouding en familieverhoudingsenersyds en verhoudings buite die OtKOs ; andersyds. Die oorsig dui aan dat Pindaros se werkgebaseer is op 'n hoofsaaklik konvensionele uitkyk op die mens en sy verhoudings met beidebuite-menslike magte en sy medemens. Ter aanvulling van die oorsig word drieoorwinningsodes, Olimpiese Ode 12, lsmiese Ode 4 en Olimpiese Ode 13 in hoofstuk 4 ontleed.Die ontledings toon aan hoe die kompleksiteit van 'n gegewe situasie die digter verplig omverskillende aspekte van die kosmologie te beklemtoon of selfs afwykings van aanvaardemenings voor te stel. Die ontledings impliseer dat dit deel van die digter se taak is om diekosmologiese konteks van 'n spesifieke viering op die gepaste wyse aan te bied. Hierdie aspekword verder ondersoek in hoofstuk 5, waarin die rol van die digter as bemiddelaar vankosmologie bekyk word. In sommige gevalle demonstreer die digter sekere voorkeurhoudingswat op hulle beurt spesifieke kosmologiese oortuigings veronderstel. In ander gevalle behelshierdie rol die verandering van die perspektief op die omstandighede of eienskappe van 'noorwinnaar of sy familie deur die modifisering van kosmologiese beginsels. Verskillendebenaderings tot dieselfde tema in verskillende gedigte wys hoe die outeur Pindaros die vertellerdigtervorm om wisselende standpunte te verteenwoordig sodat 'n spesifieke wenner op die meesgeskikte manier in ooreenstemming met sy wense en omstandighede geprys kan word. Die feitdat die digter se taak die plasing van die oorwinning in sy kosmologiese konteks insluit, betekendat die verheerliking van 'n wenner insluit dat hy voorgestel word as lofwaardig kragtens breerlewenskwessies, soos byvoorbeeld die rol van die goddelike in menslike prestasie, 'n mens sehouding tot sukses en sy status in die gemeenskap. Oor die algemeen spreek Pindaros se gebruikvan kosmologiese temas van pragmatisme eerder as onderwerping aan en die volgehoueverdediging van 'n rigiede stel waardes. Die belangrikheid van kosmologie in die odes en diesoms besonder opvallende rol van die digter in die kommunikasie daarvan openbaar egter ookPindaros se blywende belangstelling in die mens en sy plek in die wereld.

Abstract:

La ville doit etre consideree dans son universalite et son exceptionnalite. L'observation de trois centres historiques comme ceux de la havane, de san juan de puerto rico et de la nouvelle- orleans, appartenant a une meme aire geographique en l'occurrence la mediterranee americaine, permet de s'interroger plus precisem*nt sur les parts respectives de l'universalite et de l'exceptionnalite de chacun d'entre eux. La premiere partie de la these s'interroge ainsi sur l'ambivalence de ce territoire. Elle doit d'ailleurs etre comprise a deux niveaux. En effet, il existe une exceptionnalite du centre historique par rapport au reste de la ville, qui constitue un premier degre d'universalite entre les trois villes, et il existe une exceptionnalite des centres historiques entre eux. L'utilisation d'un certain nombre d'eclairages geographiques comme les paysages, la situation des centres historiques dans la ville, la perception qu'en ont les populations, ou la combinaison fonctionnelle qui les caracterise permet d'affirmer leur existence en tant que territoire particulier, mais aussi l'existence d'un certain nombre d'irregularite les differenciant. L'interrogation des conditions de leur genese et de leur dynamique permet d'expliquer ces deux facettes. Des conditions mecaniques comme l'explosion demographique ou l'eclatement de la centralite en differents points du territoire urbain ont permis leur emergence dans les trois villes qui nous interesse. Au contraire, il doit exister des determinants responsables de l'irregularite des centres historiques entre eux, l'hypothese etant que le politique en tant que jeu entre differents acteurs en soit le principal. Cependant, contrairement a celle-ci, l'observation de l'espace politique du centre historique a travers sa prise en compte au fil du xxe siecle montre que malgre des projets a priori differents, la dynamique des centres historiques semble plus marquee par les imperatifs economiques
The city have to be seen in its unity and its diversity. Three historic centers, old havana, old san juan, and the french quarter in new orleans can show this division. This three historic centers are only in front of the city and they are different each other. History can explain unity and diversity. We have thought that urban growth and evolution of the urban core were causes of unity. Historic preservation from state and private entities were responsible of diversity. Havana, san juan and new orleans were very interesting because very different for their urban policy. The historical study display that even historic preservation was different, evolution of historic centers is comparable. Old havana, old san juan and the french quarter of new orleans have to be seen like a tourist-historic city with variations of size. So, we can conclude that another dimension, perhaps globalization, can explain diversity of three historic centers. Economoic problems in cuba for example stop all programs of historic preservation

Abstract:

The main purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the alignment of the ancient Via Salaria on the first 18 miles between the road’s starting point, Porta Collina in Rome, and the 18th milestone, which have both been found in situ. The main material for the research are the archaeological data related to the road context and the satellite images, in which the ancient road line is discernible from the surrounding terrain. At the same time this thesis is a methodological experiment as well as a proof of how usable the easily accessible satellite images in the platform of Google Earth are when studying ancient roads. On the first miles of the road the archaeological data is abundant, but it becomes scantier, when leaving the urban area of Rome. In the countryside the satellite images make an invaluable source of information for the research. By combining the data provided by archaeology and satellite images the ancient road line can be reconstructed with remarkable accuracy. This is demonstrated by the congruence of the finding place of the 18th milestone with the estimated position of the aforementioned stone on the road line proposed by this thesis. The congruence also gives support for the standard measure of c. 1478.5 m for the Roman mile
Tutkielman keskeisimpänä tarkoituksena on rekonstruoida Roomasta koilliseen Adrianmeren rannikolle kulkeneen muinaisen Via Salarian keisariaikainen tielinja tien 18 ensimmäisen roomalaisen mailin osalta. Lähtöpisteenä toimii Porta Collina, tien lähtöpiste Roomassa, ja päätepisteenä keisari Nervan ajalta peräisin oleva tien 18. mailipylväs, jotka molemmat on löydetty alkuperäisiltä sijaintipaikoiltaan. Pääasiallisena tutkimusmateriaalina ovat tiekontekstista kertova arkeologinen todistusaineisto sekä satelliittikuvat, joissa muinainen tielinja on nähtävissä muusta ympäristöstä erottuvana. Samalla tutkielma toimii metodologisena kokeena ja osoituksena siitä, kuinka nykyisin Google Earth -ohjelman kautta jokamiehen saatavilla olevasta satelliittikuvakokoelmasta on huomattavaa apua arkeologialle ja muinaisten tielinjojen tutkimiselle. Tiestä todistavaa arkeologista aineistoa on Rooman kaupunkialueelta löydetty runsaasti, mutta kauemmas maaseudulle mentäessä arkeologisen materiaalin määrä pienenee, kun taas satelliittikuvien tarjoama todistusaineisto nousee merkittävään asemaan. Näiden yhdessä tarjoaman tiedon avulla tielinja on rekonstruoitavissa hämmästyttävän tarkasti. Tästä osoituksena on tielinjarekonstruktion avulla lasketun 18. mailipylvään sijaintipaikan yhteneväisyys kyseisen mailipylvään löytöpaikan kanssa. Tämä puolestaan antaa tukea sille, että roomalaisen mailin mitta Via Salarialla on lähellä standardiksi katsottavaa 1478,5 metrin lukemaa

Abstract:

We introduce a novel methodology for locally updating an existing 3D solid model of a complex monumental structure with the geometric information provided by a 3D mesh (point cloud) extracted from the digital survey of a specific sector of a monument. Solid models are fundamental for engineering analysis and conservation of monumental structures of the cultural heritage. Finite elements analysis (FEA), the most versatile and commonly used tool for the numerical simulation of the static and dynamic response of large structures, requires 3D solids which accurately represent the outside as well as the inside geometry and topology of the domain to be analyzed. However, the structural changes introduced during the lifetime of the monument and the damage caused by anthropogenic and natural factors contribute to producing complex geometrical configurations that may not be generated with the desired accuracy in standard CAD solid modeling software. On the other hand, the development of digital techniques for surveying historical buildings and cultural monuments, such as laser scanning and photogrammetric reconstruction, has made possible the creation of accurate 3D mesh models describing the geometry of those structures for multiple applications in heritage documentation, preservation, and archaeological interpretations. The proposed methodology consists of a series of procedures which utilize image processing, computer vision, and computational geometry algorithms operating on entities defined in the Solid Modeling space and the Mesh space. The operand solid model is defined as the existing solid model to be updated. The 3D mesh model containing new surface information is first aligned to the operand solid model via 3D registration and, subsequently, segmented and converted to a provisional solid model incorporating the features to be added or subtracted. Finally, provisional and operand models are combined and data is transferred through regularized Boolean operations performed in a standard CAD environment. We test the procedure on the Main Platform of the Huaca de la Luna, Trujillo, Peru, one of the most important massive earthen structures of the Moche civilization. Solid models are defined in AutoCAD while 3D meshes are recorded with a Faro Focus laser scanner. The results indicate that the proposed methodology is effective at transferring complex geometrical and topological features from the mesh to the solid modeling space. The methodology preserves, as much as possible, the initial accuracy of meshes on the geometry of the resultant solid model which would be highly difficult and time consuming using manual approaches.
Tesis

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Cette thèse propose une analyse comparée des politiques relatives à la mémoire historique de l'esclavage à Nantes, Bordeaux et Liverpool, trois anciens ports négriers. Nous explorons l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'intervention politique des villes dans le champ de la mémoire historique participe de l'exercice d'un pouvoir symbolique d'accréditation de identités légitimes. Une première logique d'action publique oriente ces politiques de mémoire vers la construction d'une "image sociale" : la gestion du "stigmate" négrier. Une seconde logique d'intervention dans le champ de la mémoire historique relève de la production des imaginaires d'appartenance : la politique de la reconnaissance. Cette thèse étudie d'abord comparativement les "mobilisations mémorielles" en interprétant les cadres de construction du "problème public" mémoriel à la lumière de l'expérience des discriminations raciales et de l'existence, dans certains groupes, d'une mémoire collective de l'esclavage. L'analyse rapporte également le développement de mobilisations et de politiques publiques mémorielles locales à la structure des opportunités offertes par les différents "modèles" de gestion des identité français et britannique. Elle envisage ensuite, pour les trois villes, les jeux d'acteurs qui font de la mémoire une instance de légitimation politique des pouvoirs municipaux, ou au contraire un instrument de déstabilisation. Les interactions qui façonnent les principes légitimes du rappel du passé sont finalement saisies à la hauteur des "instruments" de l'action publique municipale, commémorations, mémoriaux et musées
This doctoral thesis deals with the memory of slavery in three former European slave trade ports : Nantes (France), Bordeaux (France) and Liverpool (U. -K). It argues that the memory of slavery has been adopted by local political authoroties in these three cities as a means of policing symbolic identities. More particularly, two dimensions of "identity" are at stake. The first one-identity as social image-relates to the problem of managing the "stigma" associated with the slave trade. The second dimension-identity as belonging-relates to the politics of recognition. The first part of the essay offers a comparative analysis of social mobilisations in the field of memory. It analyses various memory movements in light of the experience of racial discrimination and in relation with the predominance of either a historical or a collective memory of slavery among the mobilised groups. Local social mobilisations and public policies of memory are also analysed with respect to the ideological "frames" of identity politics which are prevalent in each country, French "republicanism" and British "multiculturalism". Then, the author turns toward local policies of memory with a view to understanding how the "public problem" of memory is dealt with in each case, which actors are involved and which political outputs are at stake. Finally, the analysis deals with the policy instruments of memory, of which it distinguishes two main types. The first category (memorials, commemorations) includes instruments that seek to foster an emotional response to the slavery past. The second category (museums) are instruments which rely on the symbolic power of narratives and knowledge

Abstract:

Au cours des dernières années, les membres des Forces Armées Canadiennes (FAC) ont participé à des missions dangereuses, de longues durées avec de courtes périodes de récupération, ce qui constitue un terrain fertile pour le développement d'un Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT). Bien que ce trouble entraine des répercussions néfastes sur les relations interpersonnelles, il n'existe pas, à ce jour, de consensus quant à la direction de la relation entre la sévérité de la symptomatologie du TSPT et les comportements de soutien positifs ainsi que négatifs, particulièrement chez les Anciens Combattants Canadiens (ACC). Pour y pallier, une étude empirique longitudinale, avec deux temps de mesure, ayant pour objectif d'évaluer la bidirectionnalité de la relation entre la sévérité des symptômes du TSPT et le soutien social a été réalisée auprès de 64 ACC présentant un diagnostic probable de TSPT chronique. Sur le plan transversal, des symptômes sévères du TSPT sont significativement associés à la perception de la fréquence élevée des interactions sociales négatives reçues. Sur le plan longitudinal, les hypothèses ont été infirmées. Bien qu'il existe une corrélation positive entre les interactions sociales négatives et la sévérité des symptômes du TSPT, les comportements de soutien (positifs et négatifs) ne permettent pas de prédire la sévérité des symptômes de ce trouble trois mois plus tard, ces derniers étant mieux expliqués par la sévérité des symptômes au temps 1. De plus, la sévérité des symptômes du TSPT ne permet pas de prédire les comportements de soutien (positifs et négatifs) trois mois plus tard, ceux-ci étant mieux expliqués par les comportements de soutien au temps 1. La cristallisation probable des symptômes du TSPT et des comportements de soutien dans les deux premières années suivant la survenue du trouble, documentée dans les écrits scientifiques de même que la modification possible du sens de la relation à travers le temps peuvent expliquer l'absence d'une relation bidirectionnelle dans cet échantillon.

Abstract:

Cette étude porte sur les boutiques d'Ostie du Ier s. Av. J. -C. Au Ve s. Ap. J. -C. Nos recherches ont permis de réfléchir sur le rôle joué par les boutiques dans les mutations urbaines, sociales et économiques d'Ostie durant cette période. Les sources archéologiques et d'archives apportent de nombreuses informations sur les boutiques. Dans leur grande majorité, celles-ci ont été édifiées au cours du IIe s. Ap. J. -C. , suite à la construction du bassin de Trajan. Cet essor est intimement lié à celui des immeubles collectifs. Inversem*nt, leur déclin s'amorce à partir du milieu du IIIe siècle en s'intensifiant au cours du siècle suivant. Tantôt concurrentes, complémentaires, voire dépendantes des marchés, ateliers ou des entrepôts, les boutiques s'inscrivent selon des modalités variées dans les réseaux de production et de distribution. Une nette évolution se dessine à partir du milieu du IIIe siècle : tandis que les boutiques - propres au fonctionnement quotidien de la ville - subsistent, les structures liées au port déclinent sans pour autant totalement disparaître. Enfin, les boutiques ont joué un rôle actif dans la composition et les évolutions du territoire urbain. Il apparaît qu'un véritable lien structurel unit les boutiques aux portiques de façade, mais elles sont impliquées dans de nombreux empiétements sur la voirie à partir du milieu du IIIe siècle
This study deals with the shops of Ostia from the 1st c. B. C. To the 5th c. A. D. Our researches led us to have a reflexion about the part played by shops in the urban, social and economical transformation of Ostia during this period. Archaeological survey and archives bring us a lot of information on shops. They have been mainly built during the 2nd c. A. D. , after the building of the Trajan basin of Portus. This development is linked with the lot of insulae that have been built during this time. Shops decline begins during the middle of the 3rd c. A. D. Shops may be linked with other economical structures such as storehouses, markets, workshops. From the beginning of the 3rd c. A. D. , shops grew in importance while harbour activities were declining. At last, shops have played an important part in the shaping and the evolution of urban territories

Abstract:

Rome et Éphèse sont deux villes portuaires emblématiques de la Méditerranée antique ; la première fut le centre de l’Empire romain et la seconde devint la capitale romaine d’Asie mineure à la fin du 1er s. av. J.-C. Leur rayonnement économique et commercial en Méditerranée reposa notamment sur leur système portuaire. Cette étude a pour vocation de retranscrire le développement économique de ces deux cités par le signal des paléo-pollutions. Pour mener à bien ces travaux, nous avons prélevé des carottes dans les archives sédimentaires des bassins portuaires sur lesquels les isotopes du plomb ont été mesurés. La reconstitution des paléo-environnements par la géochimie élémentaire a été un préalable indispensable. Sur le temps long, la dynamique des masses d’eau portuaires fut visiblement soumise à la progradation des systèmes deltaïques, ainsi qu’aux interventions humaines qui modifièrent les environnements aquatiques initialement ouverts et bien oxygénés au profit de milieux fermés en déficit de dioxygène. Ce confinement des bassins portuaires franchit un seuil irréversible pour la navigation dès lors qu’un régime épilimnique se mit en place en raison d’une trop faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau. Les niveaux de contamination au plomb ont relativement bien enregistré l’état de santé économique de Rome et d’Éphèse qui évolua notamment au gré des périodes de prospérité et de troubles. Cependant, l’évolution des conditions environnementales et les multiples dragages semblent avoir altéré une partie de ces enregistrements. Les données isotopiques du plomb, converties en paramètres géologiques (Tmod, μ et к), nous ont également permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les sources d’approvisionnement en minerais de plomb à l’origine de ces pollutions. On peut en retenir que les stratégies d’alimentation en plomb à l’époque romaine furent locales. En effet, il semble assez logique que ces deux cités aient dominé les espaces économiques environnants avec lesquelles elles étaient en contact. En revanche, alors que l’entrée dans le Moyen Âge s’accompagne du déclin de Rome, Éphèse retrouve sa prospérité passée avec l’importation de plomb hercynien d’Europe de l’Ouest produit massivement à la suite de la révolution économique médiévale
Rome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward

Abstract:

Se efectuó Lima- Perú, un estudio para determinar el riesgo a úlceras por presión y clasificar el nivel de riesgo según proveedor de cuidados, mediante la ESCALA DE NORTON en los pacientes adultos mayores de un programa de atención domiciliaria en el Callao.Objetivo: Determinar el Riesgo a desarrollar úlceras por presión mediante el uso de una Escala de Norton, clasificar el nivel de riesgo según proveedor de cuidados, desarrollo de protocolo de atención médica encaminado a la parte preventiva en un programa de una institución de la seguridad social.Materiales y Métodos: El presente estudio cuantitativo descriptivo tipo transversal; realizado en el Programa de Prestaciones de Atención Domiciliaria/PADOMI, del Seguro Social de Salud/EsSalud de la Provincia Constitucional del Callao. La población estuvo conformada por 718 adultos mayores, considerando una muestra aleatoria de 152 adultos mayores conforme criterios de inclusión. Los datos se recolectaron mediante visita domiciliaria, entrevista y observación utilizando una ficha de trabajo que incluía datos sociodemográficos del adulto mayor/cuidador, y Escala Norton; para analizar los datos se uso la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 53,3% de los Adultos mayores se encuentran en un rango de 80-89 años, predomina el sexo femenino con un 39,4%,un 52,6% asistido por un cuidador informal. De la misma forma el 48% presenta un riesgo medio para Ulceras por Presión según Escala de Norton siendo el 53,9% presenta un Estado Físico General Regular, Estado Mental Apático de 55,3%, Actividad Disminuida con un 50,7%, Camina con Ayuda con 51,3% y en cuanto a Incontinencia Ocasional de 57,9%.En relación a clasificación de Riesgo según cuidador, destaca el Riesgo Medio en todos los cuidadores, pero el 20% obtuvo el Riesgo Muy Alto tanto el Cuidador Informal como Otro Cuidador y el 21,25% como Riesgo Alto al Cuidador Informal. Conclusiones: La gran mayoría de Adultos Mayores tuvo un Riesgo Medio para presentar úlceras por presión.

Abstract:

Apres une etude historique de l'ile de thasos du treizieme au quinzieme siecle, sont decrites en detail les techniques de fabrication des ceramiques a glacure plombifere et stannifere. Les vases decouverts a thasos sont ensuite abordes d'un point de vue morphologique et typometrique, puis classes par traitement de surface et par decor. Cette classification permet d'etablir des analogies et de rechercher les modes de ravitaillement, menant a la conclusion que ce materiel reflete les conditions economiques de ces epoques, et que l'approvisionnement de l'ile semble calque sur l'organisation et l'evolution de la flotte genoise dans les eaux egeennes et orientales : au treizieme siecle, une grande activite commerciale maritime genoise en mediterranee orientale et des vases identiques a ceux decouverts sur les sites syro-palestiniens; au quatorzieme siecle, perte de controle d'une partie du bassin mediterraneen oriental et developpement des comptoirs genois en mer noire, a thasos une ceramique commune a celle retrouvee dans le nord de la grece, de la turquie et en bulgarie; au quinzieme siecle, installation d'un atelier de potier a lemnos et poussee ottomane decisive, thasos ne recoit plus que des vases regionaux originaires d'une possession genoise
After an historic study of thasos'island during the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, we observe just exactly the manufacture's technics of lead glazed ware and tin glazed ware. Then ceramics discovered in thasos are presentated by dimensions, shapes, and graded by surface'treatments and by decoration. This last classification is useful to establish some analogies and to search for the means of supply. In conclusion, this ware is reflecting well the economic conditions, and we could say that the supply of the island was linked to the organization and evolution of the genoese fleet in the aegean and mediterranean waters : during the thirteenth century, an important genoese naval trading activity in the eastern mediteranean, and in thasos the same wares that in crusaders'states; during the fourteenth century, the genoese fleet is losting control of the eastern mediterranean but at the same time is opening new counters on black sea coasts, in thasos a ceramic similar to these discovered in northern greece, in turkey and in bulgaria; during the fourteenth century, ottoman tension and opening of a pottery workshop in lemnos from which come the local wares of thasos

Abstract:

Les deltas ont débuté leur édification il y a environ 7000 ans suite à la stabilisation du niveau de la mer. Ils offraient durant l’Antiquité une mosaïque d’environnements, plus ou moins protégés, favorables aux activités maritimes. Nous montrons que plusieurs types de ports deltaïques peuvent être identifiés en raison des différents contextes géomorphologiques offerts par les deltas. La mise en relation des résultats bio-sédimentologiques, avec les données archéologiques nous ont permis de détailler l’évolution des environnements portuaires de plusieurs sites antiques situés dans des deltas. La première étude a été menée à l’échelle du delta de la Kouban (Péninsule de Taman, Russie). Un carottage réalisé à l’extrémité orientale de la péninsule et sa comparaison avec d’autres études géoarchéologiques menées récemment dans le delta nous a permis de restituer l’évolution paléogéographique de la péninsule. Nous avons pu confirmer que cette dernière a constituée, suite à la remontée postglaciaire du niveau marin, un large archipel articulé autour de quatre îles. À Tel Akko (Baie de Haifa, Israël), notre étude nous a permis de restituer l’évolution côtière du site depuis l’Âge du Bronze. À Pollentia, cité romaine des Baléares, nous avons été en mesure de démontrer que le port était situé dans une lagune de faible profondeur située en marge distale d’un petit delta côtier. Enfin à Halmyris (Danube, Roumanie) nous avons été en mesure de démontrer que la forteresse romaine, installée sur un promontoire, était protégée des crues tout en bénéficiant d’un accès facilité au fleuve par l’intermédiaire d’un chenal secondaire au sein duquel son port aurait pu être installé
River deltas began forming around 7000 years BP because of the stabilisation of the mean sea-level. The natural variety of wetland environments on clastic coasts, in particular deltas, explains in major part the important disparities in harbour contexts. The combination of earth sciences with archaeological tools allows us to investigate the environmental evolution of four ancient sites located on deltas. We investigate 7000 years of environmental changes on the Kuban delta (Taman Peninsula, Russia). A coring, from the eastern limit of the peninsula, and its comparison with other geoarchaeological studies undertaken on the delta, allow us to confirm that the Holocene marine transgression created an archipelago of four islands around 6000 years ago in the area of the present-day Taman Peninsula. In Antiquity, natural factors such as delta progradation and the evolution of spits and sand bars have considerably affected the landscape evolution and therefore human occupation of the peninsula. At Tel Akko, (Haifa Bay, Israel), we reconstruct the evolution of the coastal zone of the site since the Bronze Age. We propose different harbour locations over time. At Pollentia, a Roman city of Mallorca, we have been able to demonstrate that the harbour was situated in a shallow lagoon, probably dredged at the time of its foundation. At Halymris (Danube delta, Romania), our research supports the presence of a secondary fluvial-channel located close to the fortress where the harbour may have been installed. The fortress, located at the foot of a promontory, was protected from floods and provided easy access to the main channel of the river

Abstract:

Esta é uma investigação descritiva que utilizou a integração dos métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, cuja análise foi realizada sob a perspectiva da qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e da teoria da auto-eficácia de Bandura. Foi desenvolvida junto a 125 idosos participantes de um centro de lazer em Porto Alegre (Brasil), no qual realizam atividades físicas e sociais, com o objetivo de compreender a construção dos comportamentos promotores de saúde dessas pessoas. Na primeira etapa, foi aplicado um formulário contendo questões demográficas, socioeconômicas e de autopercepção da saúde e o questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida – WHOQOL-bref. Para analisar esses dados, foram utilizadas a estatística descritiva e a analítica. A idade média foi 69,4 anos (DP ± 6,4), predominando o sexo feminino (90,4%), a escolaridade de ensino médio (37,6%) e as atividades no lar (79,2%). Metade recebia até cinco salários mínimos mensais, 64,8% morava acompanhado, 52% realizava atividade física e social há 5 anos ou mais, 96% consultou com profissional da área da saúde no ano anterior, 80% referiu autopercepção positiva da saúde atual. As médias dos domínios do WHOQOL-bref foram: físico 72,37 (± 14,25), psicológico 73,50 (± 10,48), relações sociais 79,40 (± 12,98), meio ambiente 74,85 (± 11,62) e global 78,30 (± 13,85), havendo correlação positiva, estatisticamente significativa, entre os quatro domínios com o domínio global. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, o domínio físico foi o maior preditor de qualidade de vida (β = 0,39), seguido pelos domínios meio ambiente (β = 0,19) e relações sociais (β = 0,17). Na análise de variância (ANOVA), a variável autopercepção atual da saúde apresentou significância estatística com quatro domínios do WHOQOL-bref. Para conhecer as atividades promotoras de saúde e identificar os fatores que influenciaram esses indivíduos idosos a adotar e manter comportamentos que consideram saudáveis, foram entrevistados 11 que alcançaram escores com um desvio-padrão igual ou acima da média do grupo (≥ 85,18). Na análise das entrevistas, surgiram três categorias: comportamentos promotores de saúde (prática de atividade física, cuidados com a nutrição e convivência familiar/social), adoção dos comportamentos promotores de saúde (influências na infância/juventude e na maturidade) e manutenção dos comportamentos promotores de saúde (atitudes e atributos pessoais positivos, expectativa de viver melhor e mais tempo). A investigação evidenciou que esses indivíduos mantêm comportamentos promotores de saúde similares aos recomendados pelos profissionais e pelas organizações de saúde. Além disso, supõe-se que a adoção e a manutenção de tais comportamentos foram determinadas pelo senso positivo de auto-eficácia desses indivíduos e porque eles desenvolveram estratégias para facilitar a manutenção.
This is a descriptive investigation that has used the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, in which the analysis was done based on World Health Organization´s (WHO) quality of life perspective and Bandura´s self-efficacy theory. It was developed with 125 older adults who participate in a leisure center in Porto Alegre (Brazil), where they perform physical and social activities, attempting to understand the construction of their promoting health behaviors. In the first stage, it was applied a form with demographic, socioeconomic and health self-perception questions as well as the evaluation of quality of life questionnaire – WHOQOL-bref. To data analysis, it was used the descriptive and analitical statistics. The group mean age was 69,4 years old (SD ± 6,4), with majority of female (90,4%), high schooling (37,6%) and household chores (79,2%). Half of them received an income of up to five monthly minimum wages, 64,8% lived with someone, 52% used to do physical and social activities for 5 years or longer, 96% met a health professional during the last yea and 80% expressed current positive health selfperception. The means of WHOQOL-bref domains were: physical 72,37 (± 14,25), psychological 73,50 (± 10,48), social relations 79,40 (± 12,98), environment 74,85 (± 11,62) and overall 78,30 (± 13,85), showing positive correlation, statisticly significative, between the four domains with the overall domain. In the multiple linear regression analysis, the physical domain was the main predictor of quality of life (β = 0,39), followed by environment domain (β = 0,19) and social relations (β = 0,17). In the variance analysis (ANOVA), the current health self-perception variable showed statistic significance with four WHOQOL-bref´s domains. In order to know the promoting health activities and identify the factors that influenced older adults to adopt and maintain behaviors that they consider healthy, 11 older adults who got scores with one standard deviation equal or over the group mean (≥ 85,18) were interviewed. From the interviews´ analysis, emerged three categories: promoting health behaviors (practice of physical activity, attention to nutrition and family/social acquaintanceship), adoption of promoting health behaviors (influences on childwood/youth and maturity) and maintenance of promoting health behaviors (positive personal attitudes and attributes, expectation to live better and longer). The investigation evidenced that these individuals sustain promoting health behaviors alike the recommended ones by health professionals and organizations. It is believed that the adoption and the maintenance of those behaviors were determined by their positive sense of self-efficacy and by developing strategies to make easier the maintenance.
Este es una investigación descriptiva que utilizó la integración de los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, cuyo análisis fue realizada bajo la perspectiva de calidad de vida de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y de la teoría de la autoeficacia de Bandura. La investigación fue desarrollada junto con 125 adultos mayores participantes de un centro de ocio en la ciudad de Porto Alegre (Brasil), en el cual practican actividades físicas y sociales, con la finalidad de comprender la formación de sus conductas promotoras de salud. En la primera parte, fueron aplicados un formulario con preguntas demográficas, socioeconómicas y de autopercepción de la salud y el cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad de vida: WHOQOLbref. Las estadísticas descriptiva y analítica fueron utilizadas para el análisis de los datos. El promedio de edad fue de 69,4 años (DS ± 6,4), con predominio del sexo femenino (90,4%), con enseñanza secundaria (37,6%) y con actividades domésticas (79,2%). La mitad recibía hasta cinco salarios mínimos al mes, el 64,8% vivía acompañado, el 52% realizaba actividades físicas y sociales había 5 años o más, el 96% había tenido una cita con un profesional de salud el año anterio y el ochenta por ciento refirió una autopercepción positiva de su salud actual. Los promedios de los dominios del WHOQOL-bref fueron: físico 72,37 (± 14,25), psicológico 73,50 (± 10,48), relaciones sociales 79,40 (± 12,98), medio ambiente 74,85 (± 11,62) y global 78,30 (± 13,85). Hubo correlación positiva, estadísticamente significativa, entre los cuatro dominios y el dominio global, y en el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple el dominio físico fue el principal predictor de calidad de vida (β = 0,39), seguido por los dominios medio ambiente (β = 0,19) y relaciones sociales (β = 0,17). En el análisis de varianza (ANOVA), la variable autopercepción actual de la salud presentó significación estadística con cuatro dominios del WHOQOL-bref. Para conocer las actividades promotoras de salud e identificar los factores que influenciaron esos adultos mayores a adoptar y mantener conductas que consideran sanas, fueron entrevistadas 11 que alcanzaron puntuaciones con desviación estándarigual ou superior al promedio del grupo (≥ 85,18). En el análisis de las entrevistas, surgieron tres categorías: conductas promotoras de salud (práctica de actividades físicas, atención a la nutrición y convivencia familiar/social), adopción de las conductas promotoras de salud (influencias en la infancia/juventud y en la madurez) y mantenimiento de las conductas promotoras de salud (actitudes y atributos personales positivos, expectativa de vivir mejor y por más tiempo). La investigación evidenció que esos individuos mantienen conductas promotoras de salud similares a las recomendadas por profesionales y organizaciones de salud. Además, se supone que la adopción y el mantenimiento de dichas conductas fueran determinados por el sentido positivo de autoeficacia de esos individuos y porque elles desarrollaron estrategias para facilitar el mantenimiento.

Abstract:

Le vocable khetem étudié dans cette thèse est attesté en Égypte ancienne de la Première Période Intermédiaire à l’époque romaine. C’est cependant au Nouvel Empire que son utilisation est la plus fréquente. Dérivé de la racine khetem, « sceller », ce terme peut désigner à la fois « ce qui est scellé » et « ce qui scelle ». Il est appliqué à diverses réalités. Au Moyen Empire, khetem désigne ainsi un type de magasin. À partir du Nouvel Empire, plusieurs sens lui correspondent : il peut occasionnellement, dans des documents littéraires, désigner des portes de ville ou des enclos – un sens que l’on retrouve d’ailleurs aux périodes suivantes – ; mais le terme est surtout choisi pour désigner les postes-frontières du pays, ainsi que le centre administratif et poste de contrôle du village de Deir el-Médineh. Les postes-frontières khetemou, dont les plus connus sont ceux de Tjarou, Ouadjour, Tjékou et Senmout, marquent les frontières restreintes de l’Égypte, et contrôlent les entrées et sorties du territoire. Ils constituent également des villes-magasins, par lesquelles transitaient le tribut et assumaient peut-être même le rôle de postes de douane. L’analyse, fondée essentiellement sur les sources textuelles, prend également en considération les données archéologiques et géomorphologiques. Centrée autour des structures khetemou, cette étude nous a cependant amenée à aborder la thématique plus large de l’organisation de l’espace par le pouvoir égyptien. Les domaines de la politique étrangère, de l’économie, de l’administration sont donc largement mis à contribution
The word khetem which is the main object of this dissertation is attested in ancient Egypt from theFirst Intermediary Period to Roman times. It was nevertheless most used during the New Kingdom.Derived from the khetem-root, which means « to seal », this word could be used to depict both whatwas sealed and the device which assured the actual sealing. It testifies to various realities. In theMiddle Kingdom, khetem was a certain type of storerooms. From the New Kingdom on, severalmeanings can be found: occasionally, in literary documents, it was used for the gates of a city or forenclosures – the latter meaning is still found in more recent periods. Nevertheless, the word wasmostly used for the border-posts of the Egyptian State as well as the administrative hall and checkpoint of the village of Deir el-Medineh. As for the border-posts khetemou, the best known ones areTjaru, Wadj-wr, Tjeku and Senmut as they stand for the inner borders of Egypt, where in- and outcomerswere checked. These settlements are also warehouse-cities, through which went the tributefrom foreign countries and operated as customs. The methods of analysis used here are grounded inthe textual sources, along with the archeological and geomorphological data. Focused on thestructures called khetemou, this thesis also consider the wider problem of the organisation of space bythe Egyptian state. Thus foreign policy, economics and administration have been widely taken intoconsideration

Abstract:

Art History
M.A.
Tripods constituted a specific group of pottery within the Bronze Age Aegean tradition. The shape was typically associated with ritual and cooking activities. This study presents an examination of Minoan tripod cooking pots from Crete. By tracing the morphological changes that occur from one period to the next, this research seeks to discuss the relationship between the form and function of these vessels. It is hoped that the following analysis may also shed light on the origin and practicality of tripod cooking pots.
Temple University--Theses

Abstract:

Partindo de considerações acerca da importância do mar, do comércio e das trocas com estrangeiros para o modo de vida grego, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender qual era o local ocupado pelos portos e pelas cidades portuárias nessa configuração. Através da localização do porto em sete cidades fundadas durante os movimentos de expansão grega para o ocidente buscamos situar o porto em relação às estruturas urbanas importantes tais como acrópole, ágora, templos e muralhas. Ao estabelecer essas relações queremos entender não só o lugar físico ocupado pelo porto mas também e principalmente, o que a sua localização física pode representar e nos dizer acerca de sua posição na hierarquia social de cada cidade.
Considering the importance of the sea, commerce and trading with foreign people for the Greek life style, this research tries to understand the place of harbours and harbour cities in this scenario. Based on the location of the port in seven cities established during the Greek expansionist movements to the west, our aim is to establish the place of the port towards the important urban structures such as the acropolis, agora, sanctuaries and walls. By establishing these relations we try to understand not only the physical location of the port but what this location could represent and tell us about the situation of the port within the social hierarchy of each city.

Abstract:

Une des images les plus marquantes de la Bretagne est celle de ses ports et de leur vocation maritime. Sous l'Ancien Régime, la société portuaire, telle qu'elle peut se concevoir à Nantes, St Malo ou Lorient, s'est caractérisée par des professions relatives au commerce maritime et à la construction navale. Elle s'est aussi spécifiée par un goût prononcé pour le voyage, la mer et l'exotisme, et enfin par une ouverture à l'esprit du siècle des Lumières. Du point de vue de l'aménagement urbain, les ports se sont attelés à maîtriser l'espace en gagnant du terrain sur la mer et en la domestiquant par la construction de quais, de ponts et d'écluses. L'embellissem*nt a donné à ces quartiers un caractère urbain, surtout grâce à l'initiative politique du groupe négociant souvent appuyé par le pouvoir royal. La ville s'est appropriée l'espace maritime en y implantant des résidences destinées à loger cette société portuaire dont le groupe négociant est l'élite à part entière. Les intérieurs vont révéler l'état d'ouverture et l'originalité de cette société. Vannes et Auray ne sont pas des villes portuaires mais elles possèdent des quartiers qui le sont pleinement. Les caractéristiques morbihannaises seront différentes sur certains points de celles de leurs modèles nantais, malouin ou lorientais. Instabilité politique, économie défavorable basée sur le commerce des grains, société dominée par le groupe marchand mais pénalisée par sa culture et son éducation, forment un tout qui ont forgé un espace et un bâti aux caractéristiques propres aux anciennes petites villes bretonnes de fond d'estuaire. Ces deux villes essaient aujourd'hui de revaloriser l'identité portuaire de leur quartier

Abstract:

Cette thèse observe le changement urbain de deux territoires d’industrialisation ancienne de l’ensemble métropolitain de Lyon-Saint-Etienne concernés par des processus contradictoires de dévalorisation/revalorisation : la petite ville de Givors à proximité de Lyon et le quartier de Terrenoire à Saint-Etienne.Nous interrogeons la production de singularités territoriales sous l’effet de choix de développement urbain spécifiques. Des imaginaires investissent l’action en aménagement, au travers de la formation par le pouvoir municipal de grands récits de transformation qui impriment leur marque sur le devenir de ces territoires. Le recours à la cartographie historique a permis de mettre en regard les évolutions urbaines et économiques de ces villes industrielles au XIXe et XXe siècle et les discours des acteurs locaux, pour mettre en évidence la durabilité des référentiels d’aménagement de ces villes industrielles. La situation actuelle de ces territoires urbains est interprétée à la fois du point de vue des représentations urbaines et des politiques envisagées. L’action municipale s’y déploie dans le refus partiel de l’héritage de l’industrie. La domination d’un discours de la rupture au nom de la revalorisation territoriale accompagne un mouvement de normalisation résidentielle et économique, qui s’effectue à partir d’une reprise ambivalente de figures historiquement inscrites au cœur de l’identité industrielle de ces localités, sans pour autant faire céder leur dévalorisation symbolique. La construction de ces nouveaux récits se heurte ainsi à la résistance à la fois matérielle et symbolique de la société industrielle héritée
The thesis observes urban change in two early industrialised areas of the Lyon and Saint-Etienne metropolitan area (France) that support contradictory processes of enhancement/devaluation. The production of the small industrial towns of Givors and Terrenoire are the results of specific development strategies and geographical imaginaries that invested urban planning. We study how their local governments developed narratives about urban renewal that left their mark on the future of the territories. We used historical mapping to reveal the gap between the two cities’ urban social and economic changes in the XIXth and XXth century, and the representations of local authorities that often lag behind change. Thus, former representations of the industrial city and former planning practices are sustained in the long term. The two territories underwent several industrial restructurings until the late 1990's and retain the strong legacy of an urban fabric shaped by industry. Since then, in a complex post-industrial context, we show how urban policies refuse the industrial legacy for the sake of ensuring urban redevelopment. The search for residential and economic growth relies on the reusing of historical images of the two cities without breaching territorial devaluation. Thus, the production of renewed urban narratives encounters the resistance of the material and symbolic legacy inherited from the industrial past of the city

Abstract:

Cette thèse est une contribution à la connaissance des impacts, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, liés à la déprise minière de la région d’Alès. Le travail a consisté en l’analyse et l’interprétation de données quantitatives et qualitatives des eaux d’émergences des anciennes mines de charbon du bassin alésien afin de connaître la composition chimique des eaux d’émergences et de l’expliquer. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des Analyses en Composantes Principales (ACP), des diagrammes de Piper et de Schoeller-Berkalov sur l’ensemble des émergences. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une analyse de l’évolution temporelle des concentrations de chaque élément pour les émergences où les données sont disponibles. L’aspect quantitatif est étudié grâce à une synthèse des connaissances disponible sur le réservoir minier de Fontanes (géologie, répartition spatiale, données de pompage et de niveaux piézométriques). Certaines émergences présentent une qualité qui rend impossible leur rejet direct dans l’environnement et il est important dans cette situation de bien définir la masse d’eau concernée. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré un modèle hydrodynamique par automates séquentiels. Il est appliqué aux anciens travaux de Rochebelle-St-Martin, aboutissant à la détermination des paramètres perméabilité et épaisseur du réservoir par reconstitution du niveau piézométrique du réservoir tout en tenant compte d’un pompage encore maintenu dans l’exploitation. Cette modélisation permet de mieux connaître les paramètres définissant l’aquifère minier dans la perspective d’exploiter cette réserve. Ces eaux de mines présentent une qualité médiocre. A partir d’une meilleure connaissance hydrodynamique du système, obtenue par la modélisation, il devient possible de proposer une valorisation de cette eau par utilisation de ses calories en géothermie connaissant la géométrie du réservoir minier. Les anciennes exploitations minières sont à nouveau source d’énergie
This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative impacts, linked to the abandonment of the mining works on Alès coal basin. This work consisted in analysis and interpretation of quantitative and qualitative data on the waters outflows of former coal mines in order to determine the chemical composition of groundwaters outflows and the water chemistry. For that, we used principal component analysis, diagrams of Piper and Schoeller-Berkalov on all waters outflows. Secondly, we analyzed the temporal evolution of concentrations of each element for the waters outflows. The quantitative aspect is therefore considered by the synthesis of knowledge available on the mining reservoir of Fontanes (geology, spatial distribution, pumping data and piezometrics levels). Some groundwaters outflows have a quality that makes their direct discharge into the environment impossible and it is important, in this situation, to define the affected body of the water. For that, we have developed a hydrodynamical model by sequential automaton. It is applied to the former works of Rochebelle-St-Martin de Valgalgues leading to the determination of the parameters permeability and thickness of mining aquifer recovery of piezometric level of the reservoir while taking into account a pumping still maintained. This model will lead to a better comprehension of the parameters defining the aquifer in the mining perspective to exploit this reserve. The mine water has a poor quality. After a better knowledge obtained by a hydrodynamical modeling, it becomes realistic to propose a recovery of this water by use of its calories from geothermal and knowing the geometry of the tank mine

Abstract:

O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno mundial expressado pelo crescimento acelerado da faixa etária acima dos 60 anos. Manter a autonomia e a independência é fundamental para que os idosos envelheçam ativamente. Assim, o exercício da participação política pelos idosos pode atuar como uma forma de promoção da saúde, visto que favorece a sociabilização e o desenvolvimento de habilidades. Este estudo de abordagem qualitativa, com caráter descritivo e exploratório, teve como objetivo analisar a experiência de participação política de nove idosos participantes do Conselho Municipal de Saúde (CMS) de Porto Alegre e a influência desta no seu processo de envelhecimento e na sua saúde. Utilizou-se de entrevistas temáticas que foram analisadas através da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Os idosos, cinco homens e quatro mulheres, tinham entre 60 e 79 anos na realização das entrevistas, todos aposentados ou pensionistas e representam os usuários no CMS. A maioria dos entrevistados tem nível de escolaridade acima de oito anos, participam do CMS a menos de cinco e moram com familiares. Os idosos apontaram trajetórias de participação distintas que foram construídas participando de outros espaços, além do CMS. As motivações para participar evidenciaram que os idosos buscam, além de lazer e recreação, estratégias para melhor encarar o envelhecimento, a viuvez, o isolamento social, a aposentadoria e, ainda, ajuda para suas famílias e comunidades. O envelhecimento é encarado por muitos como um período de dificuldades, porém, mostrou-se que se manter em atividade proporcionou uma avaliação mais tranquila ou realista do processo de envelhecer e da saúde. A participação política se revelou um fator protetor para a saúde dos idosos, ao garantir o envolvimento com atividades após a aposentadoria e prazer em desenvolver um trabalho para a comunidade, além de estimular o desenvolvimento cognitivo e o estabelecimento de novas relações sociais. Os gestores e profissionais de saúde são atores importantes para a construção de espaços e atividades criativos que promovam a saúde dos idosos e no incentivo à participação de mais idosos nesses espaços.
Population aging is a global phenomenon expressed by the accelerated growth of the age group above 60 years. Maintain autonomy and independence is essential for the elderly grow old actively. Therefore, the exercise of political participation by the elderly can act as a form of health promotion, since it favors the socialization and development of skills. This qualitative study, descriptive and exploratory, aimed to analyze the experience of political participation of nine elderly participants of the Municipal Health Council (CMS) of Porto Alegre and its influence on their process of aging and their health. Thematic interviews were used and analyzed using Thematic Content Analysis. The elderly, five men and four women, aged between 60 and 79 years in the interviews, all retirees or pensioners and represent the users in CMS. Most respondents have education level above eight years, participate in the CMS under five and live with relatives. The elderly showed distinct trajectories of participation that were built by participating in other spaces, in addition to CMS. The motivations to participate showed that the elderly look for, besides leisure and recreation, strategies to better face the aging, widowhood, retirement, social isolation and, also, to help their families and communities. Aging is seen by many as a period of difficulties, however, it was showed that keeping active provided a more peaceful or realistic evaluation of the process of aging and health. Political participation proved to be a protective factor for the health of the elderly, to ensure involvement with activities after retirement and delight to develop a work for the community, in addition to stimulate cognitive development and the establishment of new social relations. Managers and health professionals are important actors for building creative spaces and activities that promote the health of older people and in encouraging the participation of older people in these spaces.
El envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno mundial que se expresa con el crecimiento acelerado de la franja de edad situada por encima de los 60 años. Mantener la autonomía y la independencia es fundamental para que los ancianos envejezcan activamente. Así que, el ejercicio de participación política de los ancianos puede actuar como una forma de promover la salud, al favorecer la socialización y el desarrollo de las habilidades. Este estudio de abordaje cualitativa, con carácter descriptivo y exploratorio tuvo como objetivo analizar la experiencia de participación política de nueve ancianos participantes del Consejo Municipal de Salud (CMS) de Porto Alegre y la influencia de esta en su proceso de envejecimiento y en su salud. Se utilizaron entrevistas temáticas que fueron analizadas a través del Análisis del Contenido Temático. Los ancianos, cinco hombres y cuatro mujeres, tenían entre 60 y 79 años durante la realización de las entrevistas, todos jubilados o pensionistas y representaban a los usuarios del CMS. La mayoría de los entrevistados tienen nivel de escolaridad superior a los ocho años, participan del CMS un mínimo de cinco y viven con familiares. Los ancianos apuntaron trayectorias de participación distintas que fueron construidas participando en otros espacios, además del CMS. Las motivaciones para participar evidenciaron que los ancianos buscan, además de ocio y recreación, estrategias para afrontar mejor el envejecimiento, la viudez, el aislamiento social y la jubilación, además de ayuda para sus familias y comunidades. El envejecimiento es afrontado por muchos como un periodo de dificultades, pero se demostró que mantenerse en actividad proporcionó una valoración más tranquila o realista del proceso de envejecer y de la salud. La participación política se reveló como un factor protector para la salud de los ancianos, al garantir un envolvimiento con actividades después de la jubilación y un placer en desenvolver un trabajo para la comunidad, además de estimular el desarrollo cognitivo y el establecimiento de nuevas relaciones sociales. Los gestores y profesionales de la salud son actores importantes para la construcción de espacios y actividades creativos que promueven la salud de los ancianos y el incentivo a la participación de más ancianos en estos espacios.

Abstract:

La «loi de persistance du plan», appliquée autrefois par J. Sauvaget à Damas, se montre féconde pour Jérusalem. Selon ce principe, l’analyse des quartiers septentrionaux de la ville délimités par le «deuxième mur», respectivement intra-muros et extra-muros à l’ouest et à l’est, en manifeste le réseau viaire originel et son évolution. Les récents progrès réalisés à propos de l’arpentage antique, confrontés à la reconsidération de l’arc de l’Ecce hom*o, fonction et chronologie – une porte urbaine hérodienne plutôt qu’un arc de triomphe d’Hadrien –, mettent en évidence un urbanisme soigné conçu par Jean Hyrcan autour d’une patte d’oie centrée sur la porte septentrionale de la ville (l’actuelle porte de Damas). Hérode le Grand, dont les grands travaux ont tendance à occulter ce qui précède, dut composer avec l’urbanisme bien-pensé de Hyrcan, développant un nouveau quartier orthonormé au nord du temple, auquel l’arc de l’Ecce hom*o donnait accès. Hadrien ne fit qu’embellir selon la mode de son époque, y ajoutant les organes vitaux d’une colonie romaine. Le grand forum d’Ælia fut dominé par le temple capitolin ad orientem. L’ancienne esplanade du temple juif fut transformée en aedes dédié au culte impérial : une statue équestre de l’empereur y trônait près du lieu le plus sacré du temple juif. L’histoire mouvementée de la ville ne parvint jamais à occulter le réseau viaire hasmonéen, encore utilisé de nos jours par les hiérosolymitains aux abords de la porte de Damas
The "law of persistence of the plan", formerly applied by J. Sauvaget in Damascus, is proving fruitful for Jerusalem. The analysis, according to this principle, of the northern districts of the city delimited by the "Second Wall", respectively intramural and extramural to the west and east, shows the original urban network and its evolution. Advances in the science of ancient surveying, coupled with the reconsideration of the function and dating of the Ecce hom*o arch – a Herodian urban gate rather than a triumphal arch of Ælia Capitolina – highlight a careful urbanism designed by John Hyrcanos around a three ways junction centred on the northern gate of the city (the current Damascus gate). Herod the Great himself, whose major works tend to obscure the above, had to deal with the well-thought-out urban planning of the high priest, developing a new orthonormal district north of the Temple. Hadrian only embellished the whole according to the fashion of his time, adding the vital organs of a Roman colony. The great forum of Ælia was dominated by the Capitolin Temple ad orientem and the former esplanade of the Jewish Temple was transformed into an aedes dedicated to imperial cult: an equestrian statue of the emperor was enthroned near the most sacred place of the Jewish Temple. The city's eventful history never succeeded in obscuring the Hasmonaean road network, which is still used today by hierosolymitans around the Damascus Gate

Abstract:

Au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, la pacification de l'intérieur du territoire français et la stabilisation des frontières ont amené les élites intellectuelles et les administrateurs locaux et royaux à questionner le besoin d'enceintes urbaines à l'intérieur du royaume. La ville de Paris arrase ses remparts dans les années 1670, initiant par là une mutation du paysage urbain qui s'étendra aux territoires français métropolitains et coloniaux. Par l'ouverture des villes, les architectes et ingénieurs se voient confrontés à un nouveau problème architectural et urbain : la nécessité pratique d'une porte qui marque le seuil de la ville s'estompe, tandis que l'attachement citoyen à la charge symbolique des portes de ville persiste. Or, au Siècle des Lumières, la redéfinition de l'usage et de la forme de la porte de ville sont contemporains de l'émergence de nouveaux édifices publics, qui amorcent la réflexion sur le caractère des ouvrages d'architecture. Au sein de cette nouvelle théorie des caractères, la porte de ville devra trouver et affirmer sa place. Il en va de même à l'égard de l'intérêt croissant porté à la notion d'entrée de ville, qui signale une sensibilité nouvelle envers le paysage urbain et territorial et la mobilité qui accompagne la réfection des axes de circulation terrestre et maritime du royaume de France
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the pacification of French interior territories and the stabilization of their frontiers brought the intellectual elite and the local and royal administrations to question the necessity of city walls within the kingdom. The city of Paris razed its ramparts in the 1670's, initiating mutations in the urban landscape that will spread throughout the French territories. By opening their cities, architects and engineers will thus be confronted to a new architectural and urban problem: there is no longer a functional need for a city gate to limit the access, but the symbolic load of city gates as landmarks to which citizen are deeply attached remains

Abstract:

O presente estudo se propõe a investigar os efeitos da Lei 12.485 para o mercado e para a cadeia produtiva audiovisual no país. Esse marco legal, em vigor desde setembro de 2011, regulamenta a entrada das empresas de telefonia no setor de televisão a cabo e regula a veiculação de conteúdos na TV por assinatura. Os mecanismos de fomento presentes no seu texto estabelecem cotas para a produção independente e cotas de canais brasileiros no pacote das operadoras. Ao promover o acesso à informação e dar voz a diferentes agentes, a \"Lei da TV Paga\" têm como objetivos promover o interesse público e regular o mercado de TV por assinatura. Tendo em vista o cenário das novas atribuições da Agência Nacional do Cinema no que se refere à regulação da televisão segmentada e o ingresso de novos agentes no mercado de produção audiovisual (teles e Anatel), pretende-se investigar os impactos econômicos na configuração de novos agentes e a redefinição de demandas e ofertas após a implementação, no período de 2012 a 2014.
This Dissertation examines the effects of Law 12,485 for the consumption market and the audiovisual production and value chains in Brazil. This legal framework, in force since September 2011, regulates the entry of telephone companies into the cable television market segment and regulates the placement of content on cable television. The support mechanisms are leveraged by quotas for independent production and Brazilian channels in the package offered by operators. To promote access to information and give voice to different agents, the \"Pay TV Law\" plans to promote public interest and to regulate the TV market. Given the new powers of the National Film Agency (ANCINE) with respect to the regulation of segmented television and the entry of new players in audiovisual markets (telcos and Anatel), we intend to investigate economic impacts in the new regulatory setting as well as the emergence and strategies of agents as stakeholders in the redefinition of agendas after its implementation, in the period 2012-2014.

Abstract:

Objective: To evaluate changes in physical performance in institutionalized older adults through a program of physiotherapy exercises. Materials and methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study in adults over 60 years institutionalized in Lima, Peru. The exercise program was implemented in 45 minutes sessions included warming, muscle strengthening exercises, balance, gait training and cooling phase, three times a week for 12 weeks. Physical performance was measured with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) one week before and after the intervention. It included 45 participants, which 16 didn’t attend any of the sessions and was like control group. Results: The average age was 77.6±7.1 years, 62.2% were women. The mean baseline SPPB was 7.0±1.6 in the intervention group and 6.9±1.9 in the control group (p = 0.90). It shows a change in SPPB of 2.6±1.8 in the intervention group versus -1.4±2.0 in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: The development of a physiotherapy exercise program for institutionalized elderly increases physical performance, which could be implemented in care centers for elderly.
Revisón por pares

Abstract:

Ces quarante dernières années sont marquées par le triomphe de la doctrine politique et économique néolibérale à l’échelle globale. Si les mécanismes globaux de dérégulation des marchés et de recomposition des compromis sociaux induits par cette doctrine sont bien connus, la géographie urbaine peine encore à en identifier et à en qualifier l’importance sur la production locale de la ville, particulièrement en France où la tradition planificatrice et la puissance publique restent fortes. Pourtant, concomitante à l’émergence de l’urbanisme par projet et à la diffusion, à une grande diversité de contextes locaux, de modèles urbains génériques comme la « ville durable » ou la « ville créative », etc., la néolibéralisation pose la question d’une transformation radicale du système de production de la ville dans son ensemble. Cette transformation ne touche pas uniquement les politiques d’aménagement, mais concerne plus globalement une grande partie des normes et des valeurs qui président la conception, les représentations et les appropriations de la ville contemporaine, c’est-à-dire des principes qui servent de guide à l’évaluation et à la légitimation des politiques urbaines et des compromis de classe qui les permettent. Analysant et articulant ces transformations locales dans quatre anciens quartiers industriels de villes moyennes françaises et allemandes qui ont connu d’intenses processus de renouvellement urbain depuis près de trente ans, ce travail interroge les processus de revalorisation urbaine dans des espaces pourtant fortement dévalorisés au début des années 1990. Ce retour sur une longue période (1990-2020), vise à montrer que cette revalorisation prend la forme d’un processus de recapitalisation de l’espace qui articule valeurs symboliques et Valeur marchande, selon un cycle précis de subordination des premières à la seconde, qui apparait typique du processus de la destruction/créatrice néolibéral ; et dans lequel se cimente un nouveau compromis de classe entre la bourgeoisie immobilière et des fractions des classes intermédiaires, fortement dotées en capital culturel
The past forty years have been deeply impacted by the triumph of the neoliberal doctrine on a global scale, as much on the political as on the economic level. Overall, the mechanisms of market deregulation and the reorganization of social compromises induced by this doctrine are well known. But urban geography is still struggling to identify and qualify their importance for the city's local production, particularly in France where the planning tradition and public institutions remain strong. Concomitant with the emergence of urban planning by project and with the dissemination, on a great diversity of local contexts, of generic urban models such as the “sustainable city” or the “creative city”, etc., neoliberalization raises the question of a radical transformation of the production system of the city as a whole. This transformation does not only affect planning policies, but it concerns more generally a significant portion of the standards and values which preside over the design, the representations and the appropriations of the contemporary city. In other words, it has an effect on principles which serve as a guide for evaluating and legitimizing urban policies and the class compromises that allow them. By analyzing and articulating these local transformations in four former industrial districts of medium-sized French and German cities which have undergone an intense process of urban renewal for almost thirty years, this work questions the processes of urban revaluation in areas that were nevertheless strongly devalued at the beginning of the 1990s. This review, which covers a long period of time (1990-2020), aims to show that this revaluation takes the form of a process of recapitalization of the urban space which articulates symbolic values and Market value, according to a precise cycle of subordination of the first to the second, which appears typical of the neoliberal destruction / creative process; and in which a new class compromise is cemented between the real estate bourgeoisie and fractions of the middle classes, strongly endowed with cultural capital

Abstract:

L'école française d'Athènes mène depuis le début du siècle dans l'ile de Thasos (Grèce du nord) des fouilles qui ont permis la découverte d'un nombre important de monnaies paléochrétiennes, byzantines et médiévales, ainsi que de plusieurs trésors. Après avoir établi le catalogue de l'ensemble, on a d'une part procédé à une étude numismatique, qui apporte des informations originales sur plusieurs questions controversées, d'autre part, en confrontant les conclusions auxquelles conduit l'analyse de la circulation monétaire aux données archéologiques et aux textes, tente de restituer la vie d'une ile située dans une région stratégiquement sensible de l'empire byzantin, entre Constantinople et Thessalonique.

Abstract:

Cette recherche porte sur les questions de jeunesse d’après-guerre et de reconstruction « post-crise ». S’inscrivant dans l’amorce d’un ensemble d'études menées sur le territoire Ouest-Africain, précisément en Côte d’Ivoire, elle s’appuie sur une enquête ethnographique conduite auprès de jeunes recrues communément appelées ex-combattants. Face au nombre de trajectoires et parcours de réinsertion sociale qui se dévoilent dans les différentes régions du pays, en des lieux et des temps choisis de la grande ville d’Abidjan, cette thèse est consacrée à celles suivies par des jeunes recrues (ex-combattants) résidant dans les anciennes cités universitaires de deux grandes banlieues périphériques d’Abidjan (Abobo et Williamsville). C’est sous cette optique que le processus de construction de leur réinsertion sociale y compris les dispositifs de réinsertion4 mis en place par les instances dirigeantes pour y parvenir, vont faire l’objet d’un examen critique et d’une analyse approfondie. Comment observer et interpréter ce qui se passe lorsqu’un ex-combattants retourne à la vie civile ? Comment retrouve-t-il un cadre normalisé de relation sociale ? En quoi consiste ce retour à la vie civile ? Est-ce une bonne manière de penser cette réintégration à partir des pôles d’intégration et de production identitaires que sont (le travail, la famille, le voisinage et la citoyenneté) qui, pour nous, forment un ensemble permettant à l’ex-combattant d’être épanoui dans sa réintégration. A partir d’une analyse par « le bas », c’est-à-dire à travers des expériences, des modes de vie et des ajustements qu’ils entraînent pour s’adapter à des situations particulières, nous tenterons de retracer leurs parcours depuis le recrutement, le processus de transformation en soldat, jusqu’à leur vie d’ex-combattants et l’usage qu’ils font des dispositifs. Les analyses successives développées permettent ainsi d’avancer, sinon de tester l’hypothèse suivante : avec le dispositif - au sens de Michel Foucauld5-, préparé par toutes les mesures gouvernementales et internationales antérieures dont il représente à la fois le prolongement et la globalisation, on assiste à l’émergence d’un nouveau mode de resocialisation post-crise, spécifique aux jeunes recrues dépourvues de titres scolaires, originaires des fractions les plus démunies et les plusarriérées des classes populaires. Par mode de resocialisation post-crise, nous désignons à la fois un ensemble d’instances spécifiques, destinées à assurer la prise en charge sociale de ces fractions de jeunes et un ensemble d’activités fondées sur l’alternance démilitarisation/resocialisation, formation et travail, destinées à les préparer aux nouvelles conditions de fonctionnement du marché du travail issues de la crise. Chacun des thèmes correspond à un critère et fera l’objet d’un développement, auquel nous ajouterons des extraits d’entretiens qui appuieront notre analyse. Nous allons nous interroger sur les facteurs d’unité de notre corpus, en exposant les critères pris en compte par l’ensemble de nos informateurs
This research focuses on post-war and post-crisis reconstruction youth issues. As part of a series of studies conducted on the West African region, specifically in Côte d'Ivoire, it is based on an ethnographic survey of young recruits commonly known as ex-combatants. Given the number of trajectories and social reintegration paths that unfold in different regions of the country, in selected places and times in the big city of Abidjan, this thesis is devoted to examining the pathways of young recruits (ex-combatants) residing in the former university cities of two large outlying suburbs of Abidjan (Abobo and Williamsville). It is from this perspectivethat the process of building their social reintegration, including the reintegration mechanisms put in place by the governing bodies to achieve this, form the subject of a critical review and in-depth analysis6. How to observe and interpret what happens when ex-combatants return to civilian life? How does s/he find normal social relations? What does this return to civilian life consist of? Is it a good way to think of this reintegration from four of the axes of sociability (work, family, neighborhood and citizenship) which, for us, collectively allow the ex-combatant to flourish in their reintegration. Following an analysis from "the bottom", that is to say through experiences, lifestyles and adjustments that lead them to adapt to particular situations, we willtry to trace their path from recruitment, the process of transformation into a soldier, to their life as ex-combatants and their use of devices for social reintegration. Each of the themes corresponds to a criterion and will be developed, to which we will add excerpts of interviews that support our analysis. We will ask ourselves about the unifying factors of our corpus, by setting out the criteria taken into account by all our informants. The successive analysis developed thus makes it possible to advance and test our hypothesis using the analytical framework of Michel Foucault - all the previous governmental and international measures which represent at the same time prolongation and generalization. We are witnessing the emergence of a new mode of postcrisis resocialization, specific to young recruits without a school qualification, from the poorestand most backward sections of the working classes. By means of post-crisis resocialization, we designate both a set of specific bodies, intended to ensure the social care of these fractions of young people and a set of activities based on the alternation between demilitarization / resocialization, training and to prepare them for the new conditions of the labor market resulting from the crisis. Each of the themes corresponds to one criterion and will be developed, to which we will add excerpts of interviews that will support our analysis. We will ask ourselves about the unifying factors of our corpus, by exposing the criteria taken into account by all our informants

Abstract:

Les anciens combattants qui reviennent de mission sont fréquemment sujets à avoir des cauchemars récurrents, et ce, durant de nombreuses années. Au moyen d'une expérimentation auprès d'un ancien combattant souffrant de cauchemars récurrents et présentant un état de stress post-traumatique, la présente étude de cas vise à évaluer l'efficacité d'un traitement propre à ce type de cauchemar, soit la thérapie par révision et répétition d'imagerie. L'évaluation avant, pendant et suivant le traitement psychologique porte sur la fréquence, l'intensité et le contenu des cauchemars. De plus, à l'aide de mesures polysomnographiques et actigraphiques, la qualité du sommeil est évaluée, de manière objective. Les symptômes de dépression et d'anxiété ainsi que la qualité de vie du participant sont également évalués avant et après traitement. Les résultats indiquent une diminution de la fréquence et de l'intensité des cauchemars ainsi que des symptômes de dépression, en plus d'une augmentation de la qualité de vie. La thérapie n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur les données subjectives et objectives du sommeil, à l'exception du nombre d'éveils, qui a diminué d'un point de vue subjectif. Pour ce qui est du contenu des rêves, on observe une tendance vers la diversification du contenu onirique, moins axé sur les combats militaires.

Abstract:

L’urbanisation russe et soviétique a été tardive et accélérée, en comparaison d’autres ensembles territoriaux ; un grand nombre de villes nouvelles ont été créées par le régime soviétique qui a promu la fonction socialiste de la ville, l’organisation rationnelle de l’espace et la gestion planifiée de l’économie. Ces particularités urbaines et les multiples événements démographiques et politiques du XXe siècle font des villes de l’espace post-soviétique un ensemble qui pose question quant à sa comparabilité et à ses ruptures. Cette thèse vise à montrer que l’on peut appliquer le concept de système de villes et les méthodes générales de la géographie urbaine pour rendre compte de l’évolution urbaine dans l’espace post-soviétique à long terme, c’est-à-dire mieux comprendre et éventuellement prédire leur évolution. Nous avons confronté plusieurs modèles statistiques avec la dynamique urbaine observée et montré que la structure macro-géographique des villes était comparable à celle d’autres systèmes de villes. On a aussi observé des trajectoires particulières liées à la dimension du territoire, ses ressources naturelles, sa dynamique démographique récente, etc. La connaissance des évolutions observées a été intégrée dans une démarche incrémentale de simulation multi-agents qui vise, à partir d’hypothèses théoriques sur les mécanismes générateurs de l’urbanisation, à reproduire des faits stylisés généraux et particuliers, le plus parcimonieusem*nt possible. L’évaluation progressive de modèles de plus en plus complexes a abouti à la reproduction de certaines évolutions observées et mis en valeur les trajectoire plus particulières de villes qui « résistent » à la modélisation
The Russian and Soviet urbanisation process happened late and fast, compared to other territories. Many new towns and cities were created by the Soviet regime that officially promoted discourses about the socialist function of the city, rational organisation of space and a planned management of the economy. These urban particularities and the multiple demographic and political events of the 20th century have made cities in the post-Soviet space an interesting case and raised question regarding its ruptures and comparability. This dissertation thesis aims to show that the concept of system of cities and generic methods in urban geography are useful in the study of urban evolution over the long term in this space, to eventually better understand past trends and predict future ones. We confronted several statistical models with the observed urban dynamics and concluded that the macro-geographical structure of cities in the post-Soviet space was comparable to that of other systems of cities (hierarchy of sizes, spacing, functional differentiation). We also observed specific trajectories related to the size of the territory, natural resources, the recent demographic shrinkage and the effect of particular political decisions. This knowledge about observed evolutions has been included in an incremental approach of agent-based modelling. Starting from theoretical hypotheses about generative mechanisms, we tried to generate generic and specific stylised facts, with a model as parsimonious as possible. The progressive evaluation of increasingly complex models led to the satisfactory simulation of observed urban evolution and highlighted specific trajectories that “resist” modelling

Abstract:

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2011.
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As quedas entre os idosos representam importante problema de saúde pública. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa, procedente de um projeto oriundo do Projeto Universal 2008, teve como objetivo: analisar a produção científica brasileira e estrangeira dos últimos cinco anos, a partir do diagnóstico de enfermagem da NANDA “risco de quedas”, acerca dos fatores de risco para população idosa. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão integrativa, realizada em cinco fases: formulação do problema; coleta dos dados; avaliação dos dados; análise e interpretação dos dados; e apresentação dos dados. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se os descritores: acidente por quedas e idoso, nas bases de dados da CINAHL e LILACS, tendo sido encontrados seiscentos e trinta e sete estudos, e sendo selecionados trinta e dois para análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram apresentados considerando-se: informações relacionadas aos artigos e informações de relevância à pesquisa- fatores de riscos indicados na NANDA-I. Assim, após a análise dos dados, emergiram como categorias de fatores de risco: ambientais: ambiente com móveis e objetos/tapetes espalhados pelo chão, pouca iluminação e condições climáticas- piso escorregadio; cognitivos: estado mental rebaixado; em adultos: história de queda, idade acima de 65 anos, uso de dispositivos auxiliares; fisiológicos: dificuldades na marcha, dificuldades visuais, equilíbrio prejudicado, incontinência, neoplasia; medicamentos. Parece evidente que, da identificação dos fatores de risco para quedas nos idosos, emerge a necessidade do desenvolvimento de alternativas e estratégias que possibilitem modificações nos ambientes e componentes intrínsecos, passíveis de alterações. Assim, espera-se que essa pesquisa e as possíveis propostas de intervenção que surjam a partir dela sirvam como interconexão entre os serviços de saúde e a Academia, a fim de promover melhorias no cuidado ao idoso.
Falls among the elderly pose a major problem in public health. Thus, the following study, founded in a project of Universal Project 2008, aimed: to analyze the scientific production regarding the risk factors for falls, in the elderly population, both in Brazilian and foreign scientific literature within the last five years. The methodology applied was the integrative review, carried out in five stages: problem formulation; data collection; data assessment; data analysis and interpretation; and data presentation. For data collection, the following descriptors were used: fall accident and elderly, in the database of CINAHL and LILACS, where six hundred and thirty- seven studies were retrieved, from which thirty-two were selected for analysis of content. The results were presented taking into account: data related to the articles and relevant data to the research- risk factors indicated in NANDA-I. After data analysis, the following categories for risk factors emerged: environmental: environment with furniture and objects/rugs scattered around the floor, poor lighting, climatic conditions-slippery floor; cognitive: lowered mental state; In adults: history of falls, over 65 years of age, use of aid devices; physiological: marching difficulties, impaired vision, loss of balance, incontinence, neoplasia; medications. Understandably, by identifying the risk factors for falls among elderly there is a growing need for the development of alternatives and strategies to enable improvement in the environment as well as intrinsic components, open to alterations. Therefore, it is expected that this research and the following proposals of intervention which come up from it, may be an interconnection between the health services and the Academy, in order to promote improvements in the care of the elderly.
Las caídas entre los ancianos representan un importante problema de salud pública. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación, que se originó en un proyecto derivado del proyecto Universal 2008, tubo por objetivo: revisión de la literatura científica sobre los factores de riesgo de caídas en la población anciana, en la literatura nacional y extranjera, en los últimos cinco años. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión integradora, llevada a cabo en cinco fases: formulación del problema; recopilación de datos; evaluación de los datos; análisis e interpretación de los datos; y presentación de datos. Para la selección de datos se utilizaó los siguientes descriptores: accidente por la caída y anciano, en las bases de datos de la CINAHL y la LILACS, se ha encontrado seiscientos treinta y siete estudios, y se seleccionaron treinta y dos para el análisis de contenido. Los resultados fueron presentados teniendo en cuenta: informaciones relacionadas con los artículos e informaciones de interés para la investigación - factores de riesgo listados en NANDA-I. Así, después del análisis de los datos, surgió como categorías de factores de riesgo: ambientales: ambiente con muebles y objetos/alfombras en el suelo, con poca luz, condiciones del clima – piso resbaladizo; cognitivos: el estado mental degradado; en los adultos: historia de caída, edad superior a 65 años, uso de dispositivos de asistencia; fisiológicos: dificultad para caminar, dificultades visuales, equilibrio dañado, incontinencia, neoplasia; medicamentos. Parece claro que, de la identificación de factores de riesgo de caídas entre los ancianos, surge la necesidad de elaborar alternativas y estrategias que permitan cambios en los ambientes y los componentes intrínsecos, sujetos a cambios. Por lo tanto, se espera que esta investigación y las posibles propuestas de acción que surjan de ella sirvan como la interconexión entre los servicios de salud y de la Academia, para promover mejora de la atención para los ancianos.

Abstract:

Calcarenites are the most widely used natural stones in Sicily as building materials. The comprehension of the degradation style of these natural building stone is of great interest in order to preserve the ancient masonry, especially in the case of relevant Cultural Heritages. A large number of Sicilian monuments are included in UNESCO Heritage List as their special cultural or physical significance. Considering the cultural importance of these ones, smart solutions are required in the perspective of their conservation. In the framework of restoration actions, the complete knowledge of the internal structure of building stones is fundamental in order to estimate durability and prevent degradation processes. Salt growth is a significant cause of damage for natural stones. The effects of the salt weathering are, in addition to the properties of the salt itself and the climatic conditions, strongly related to the structural and textural features of materials. For this reason, an integrate study on petrographic, physical, mechanical and porosimetric proprieties changes due to salts crystallization could be useful to highlight correlation among textural, structural and engineering parameters. Moreover, one of the main problems in conservation field is the use of suitable consolidant and protective treatments able to preserve the masonry, being compatible with the stone substrate and not affecting its aesthetical proprieties. There are numerous tests able to verify the efficiency of consolidant or protective products, mainly devoted to verify their ability to not modify the appearance of stone and its physical proprieties, especially against water; however, particularly in the case of consolidant, one of the most important feature is related to its penetration depth, often difficult to evaluate by using the standard test routines.For aforementioned, this research work is devoted to apply a multi-methodological approach for characterizing and modeling pore structure modifications due to weathering processes in a coarse grained Sicilian calcarenite used as building and replace stones in Sicilian Cultural Heritages (Sabucina Stone), also through fractal models and innovative and non invasive methods. The obtained data on Sabucina stone have been employed for planning conservative treatments devoted to coarse grained calcarenite substrates. Therefore, innovative nanostructured and hybrid consolidant and protective products have been experimented and the results of efficiency tests along with the determination of surface and sub-surface changes due to the treatments are proposed.In conclusion, the applied theoretical and empirical approach has allowed to: highlight the potential of classical and innovative complementary methods in quantifying the structural changes in porous materials due to degradation processes and conservative treatments, explain how they help to facilitate the understanding of stone weathering and validate the use of geometrical models in describing complex pore systems.

Abstract:

Partant du matériel archéologique du port fermé et surtout de l'arsenal militaire de Corfou, une des plus grandes puissances maritimes en Méditerranée du 7e au 5e siècle avant notre ère, cette étude retrace l' évolution de l'infrastructure portuaire spécialisée dans la marine de guerre dans l'espace méditerranéen autour de deux axes comparatifs. Premièrement, la notion du port militaire et la catégorie du port fermé - kleistos limen - et ses éléments de fortification portuaire. Deuxièmement, le neorion et surtout les complexes des neosoikoi, les installations portuaires liées à la remise à sec et à la maintenance des flottes de guerre. La recherche est centrée sur l'architecture et la typologie des hangars à bateaux, leur répartition chronologique et géographique, l'opération du halage, les dimensions des navires de guerre logés, l'urbanisation, l'organisation et l'administration de la zone portuaire militaire, tout en prenant en considération les chantiers navals et les skeuothèques.

Abstract:

Objectiu: Valorar les relacions de la condició física amb la fragilitat i la por de caure en les persones grans que viuen a la comunitat. Metodologia: Es van realitzar dos estudis. Un estudi transversal i longitudinal a persones de 75 anys o més de la comunitat i un estudi transversal a dones de 60 anys o més que participaven en activitats organitzades a les llars municipals, tots dos realitzats a Lleida. Les variables van ser: sociodemogràfiques, condició física, fragilitat, por de caure, caigudes, nombre de caigudes, risc de caigudes, deteriorament cognitiu, comorbiditat, símptomes de depressió, capacitat funcional, estat nutricional i qualitat de vida. Resultats: El risc de caigudes i la discapacitat es van associar a la condició física. L’equilibri estàtic i durant la marxa, els símptomes depressius i la pitjor qualitat de vida van ser factors associats independentment de la fragilitat. L’equilibri dinàmic / agilitat i durant la marxa ho van ser amb l’exercici. El sexe femení, l'equilibri dinàmic deficient, la qualitat de vida, les comorbiditats, els símptomes depressius i la discapacitat es van associar amb la por de caure i aquesta va ser un predictor de caigudes durant el seguiment.Conclusions: L’exercici és important en les dones, ja que una bona condició física, tenint en compte els seus components, pot prevenir la discapacitat, el risc de caigudes, la por de caure, els símptomes depressius, i pot millorar la qualitat de vida en aquest col•lectiu. Uns bons nivells d’equilibri i durant la marxa i una millora dels símptomes depressius i de la qualitat de vida poden prevenir la síndrome de la fragilitat. En les persones grans la por de caure pot ser tant causa com conseqüència de les caigudes. La infermera comunitària té la competència de facilitar la informació i el coneixement a la població gran pel que fa als beneficis de les activitats físiques davant la fragilitat i la por de caure i així poder evitar i/o retardar l’aparició de dependència i molts problemes de salut.
Objetivo: Valorar las relaciones de la condición física con la fragilidad y el miedo a caer en las personas mayores que viven en la comunidad.Metodología: Se realizaron dos estudios. Un estudio transversal y longitudinal a personas de 75 años o más de la comunidad y un estudio transversal a mujeres de 60 años o más que participaban en actividades organizadas en los hogares municipales, ambos realizados en Lleida. Las variables fueron: sociodemográficas, condición física, fragilidad, miedo a caer, caídas, número de caídas, riesgo de caídas, deterioro cognitivo, comorbilidad, síntomas de depresión, capacidad funcional, estado nutricional y calidad de vida.Resultados: El riesgo de caídas y la discapacidad se asociaron a la condición física. El equilibrio estático y durante la marcha, los síntomas depresivos y la peor calidad de vida fueron factores asociados independientemente a la fragilidad. El equilibrio dinámico / agilidad y durante la marcha lo fueron con el ejercicio. El sexo femenino, el equilibrio dinámico deficiente, la calidad de vida, las comorbilidades, los síntomas depresivos y la discapacidad se asociaron con el miedo a caer y esta fue un predictor de caídas durante el seguimiento.Conclusiones: El ejercicio es importante en las mujeres, ya que una buena condición física, teniendo en cuenta sus componentes, puede prevenir la discapacidad, el riesgo de caídas, el miedo de caer, los síntomas depresivos, y puede mejorar la calidad de vida en este colectivo. Unos buenos niveles de equilibrio y durante la marcha, una mejora de los síntomas depresivos y de la calidad de vida pueden prevenir el síndrome de la fragilidad. En las personas mayores el miedo a caer puede ser tanto causa o consecuencia de las caídas. La enfermera comunitaria tiene la competencia de facilitar la información y el conocimiento a la población mayor con respecto a los beneficios de las actividades físicas ante la fragilidad y el miedo a caer y así poder evitar y/o retrasar la aparición de dependencia y muchos problemas de salud.
Objective: To evaluate relationships between physical fitness and frailty and the fear of falling in older adults who live in the community. Methodology: Two studies were carried out: a transversal and longitudinal study involving people aged 75 or more and living in the community and a transversal study of women aged 60 or more who attended public community clubs for older adults. Both were carried out in Lleida. The variables considered were: sociodemographic data, physical fitness, frailty, fear of falling, falls, number of falls, risk of falls, cognitive impairment, comorbidity, symptoms of depression, functional capacity, nutritional status and quality of life. Results: The risk of falls and functional capacity were associated with physical fitness. Static balance and gait control, symptoms of depression and worse quality of life were factors independently associated with frailty. Dynamic balance / agility and gait control were associated with doing exercise. Being female, impaired dynamic balance, quality of life, comorbidities, symptoms of depression and disability were associated with the fear of falling and this was shown to be a predictor of falls during follow up.Conclusions: It is important for women to do exercise because being in good physical condition and taking into accounts its components may help to prevent disability, the risk of falling, fear of falling and symptoms of depression and can improve the quality of life of this collective. Good levels of balance and gait control and an improvement in symptoms of depression and quality of life can help to prevent the syndrome of frailty. In older people, the fear of falling may be both a cause and a consequence of falls. The community nurse has the task of providing information and knowledge to the older population about the benefits of physical activities to ward off frailty and the fear of falling and to thereby manage to prevent and/or postpone the appearance of dependence and many other health problems.

Abstract:

Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu analitzar el procés de neollitització al nord-est de la Península Ibèrica, en un lapse comprès grosso modo entre 5600-4900 cal BC. A l'inici, uns capítols introductoris fan un repàs de les dades historiogràfiques i de l'estat del coneixement actual del neolític tant al oest Mediterrani com concretament a Catalunya. Per altra banda, es repassen també les ocupacions mesolítiques prèvies i les condicions paleoambiantals durant aquest període. Posteriorment, el nucli del treball es centra en dos aspectes de la recerca. Per una banda les datacions radiocarbòniques; i per l'altre, l'anàlisi de les primeres ceràmiques impreses. Per aquest període es comptava amb nombroses datacions pel NE peninsular, malauradament algunes d'aquestes no tenien la qualitat suficient com ser considerades vàlides. Per aquest motiu, s'han analitzat tots els contextos arqueològics de procedència i els tipus de mostra emprada per obtenir les datacions radiocarbòniques, en base a un criteri de validesa proposat per nosaltres per aquesta recerca. L'eliminació de les datacions poc fiables ha permès proposar unes bones forquilles radiocarbòniques i al mateix temps, s'ha observat la presència de diferents fases de concentració de datacions: un grup anterior a 5500 cal BC, un altre entre 5500-5300 cal BC, un entre 5300-5100 cal BC i un darrer amb datacions posteriors a 5150 cal BC.Per altra banda, s'han analitzat els registres d'un total de 32 jaciments, dels quals 27 s'ha fet de manera directa i la resta a partir de dades publicades. L'estudi s'ha centrat tant en aspectes tècnics i morfològics com sobretot a nivell decoratiu. Aquest darrer tipus d'informació ens ha permès observar diferències i similituds entre els territoris i en les diferents fases cronològiques observades a partir de l'estudi de les datacions.En les àmplies discussions i a les conclusions, es treballa sobre la periodització de la neolítització al NE peninsular en base a les dades inèdites obtingudes. En aquest sentit, es detecta una primera colonització dels trams del litoral i prelitoral central i meridional durant les fases que comprenen fins a 5300 cal BC, sent clares diferències en les produccions ceràmiques entre cada territori. Posteriorment, la neolitització s'estén a la resta del territori català, amb importants focus al NE de Catalunya, al sud i a la zona compresa entre el riu Segre i els Pirineus. Les diferències entre cadascun dels territoris es mantenen a nivell cultural. En conclusió, es proposa que el fenomen de neolitització no és tant hom*ogeni com es creia, sinó que afecta a biòtops independents entre ells, tant durant les fases més antigues com fins aquelles més evolucionades.
My main interest in this research lies in the study of the first Neolithic populations in the NE of Iberian Peninsula, focus in two axes: tracing the exact chronology of the Early Neolithic in this area and the analysis of the first pottery productions. After introductory chapters where historiographical aspects are analyzed, it comes data on the state of affairs of the Early Neolithic, both at South European and Catalan zoom. The nucleus of the study focuses on the central chapters. First, I have proposed a taphonomical filter to accept or reject the radiocarbon dating from the NE of Iberia. This has allowed us to set a proper chronological periodization by Early Neolithic of this area. The existence of four chronological phases is proposed: before 5500 cal BC, 5500-5300 cal BC, 5300-5150 cal BC and after 5150 cal BC.The other main research line is the analysis of the Early Neolithic pottery from 32 different sites, both technical and morphological viewpoint, but specially the decoration of the vessels is studied. The chapter discussion is focused to combine the correct radiocarbonic dating and the pottery data, And so may be infer information about the Neolithisation process in NE of Iberian Peninsula at different levels, chronological, geographical and cultural